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Fig. 7. The existing (functional vs in-functional) WHTs in Kilete-Awlaelo, (A) used for supplementary irrigation; (B) used for regular irrigation.

Figure 7 The existing (functional vs in-functional) WHTs in Kilete-Awlaelo, (A) used for supplementary irrigation; (B) used for regular irrigation.

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Fig. 2. Annual (a) and mean monthly (b) rainfall of the study area recorded at Wukro station (data from Ethiopian National Meteorology Agency, 2019)
Fig. 2. Annual (a) and mean monthly (b) rainfall of the study area recorded at Wukro station (data from Ethiopian National Meteorology Agency, 2019)
Fig. 3. WHTs in Kilete-Awlaelo, Shallow well at Adekisanded (a); Rooftop water harvesting at Tsaeda-Naele (b); Micro earth dam at Mesanu (c); Stream diversion at Aynalem (d); River motor pumping at Messanu (e); Check dam (f), Bench terrace (g) and Stone bunds with a trench (h) at Abreha-Weatsbeha; and Deep trench at Gemad (i) (photo credit, Tesfay A.G.).
Fig. 3. WHTs in Kilete-Awlaelo, Shallow well at Adekisanded (a); Rooftop water harvesting at Tsaeda-Naele (b); Micro earth dam at Mesanu (c); Stream diversion at Aynalem (d); River motor pumping at Messanu (e); Check dam (f), Bench terrace (g) and Stone bunds with a trench (h) at Abreha-Weatsbeha; and Deep trench at Gemad (i) (photo credit, Tesfay A.G.).
Sample size distribution of the selected Tabias. (Data source: Wereda Kilte Awlaelo Planning and Finance Office, 2018) Table 1
Sample size distribution of the selected Tabias. (Data source: Wereda Kilte Awlaelo Planning and Finance Office, 2018) Table 1
Application of water harvesting technologies by household farmers.
Application of water harvesting technologies by household farmers.
Note: values in parentheses are frequency of response, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are significant at 0.01 and 0.05 alpha level respectively. Chi-square test of independence between water harvesting techniques and their purpose.
Note: values in parentheses are frequency of response, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are significant at 0.01 and 0.05 alpha level respectively. Chi-square test of independence between water harvesting techniques and their purpose.
Note: in the table, values in parentheses are frequency of response, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are significant at 0.01 and 0.05 alpha level respectively.
Note: in the table, values in parentheses are frequency of response, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are significant at 0.01 and 0.05 alpha level respectively.
Per capita calorie state of households by WHTs use. Note: (chi-square = 13.299, P = 0.0099).
Per capita calorie state of households by WHTs use. Note: (chi-square = 13.299, P = 0.0099).
Fig. 4. Utilization of diversified food staffs by WHTs users and non-users.
Fig. 4. Utilization of diversified food staffs by WHTs users and non-users.
Fig. 5. Respondents’ view on the role of WHTs in resisting drought incidences.
Fig. 5. Respondents’ view on the role of WHTs in resisting drought incidences.
Fig. 6. Respondents’ view on the role of WHTs towards environmental rehabilitation. Similarly, the majority of the respondents (70%) recognized that WHTs are playing an indispensable role in environmental rehabilitation and ecosystem restoration. In connection to this, the chi-square test discovered that there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) in awareness between WHTs users and non-users towards the role of WHTs in shows that the use of harvested rainwater could supplement natural rainfall and make farming families less vulnerable to drought and therefore less dependent on external aid in harder times as reported by (Rami, 2003; Kimutai and Bwisa, 2015). This is a good input to promote the technologies via community mobilization and reduce the degree of vulnerability of agricultural production to ensure food security.
Fig. 6. Respondents’ view on the role of WHTs towards environmental rehabilitation. Similarly, the majority of the respondents (70%) recognized that WHTs are playing an indispensable role in environmental rehabilitation and ecosystem restoration. In connection to this, the chi-square test discovered that there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) in awareness between WHTs users and non-users towards the role of WHTs in shows that the use of harvested rainwater could supplement natural rainfall and make farming families less vulnerable to drought and therefore less dependent on external aid in harder times as reported by (Rami, 2003; Kimutai and Bwisa, 2015). This is a good input to promote the technologies via community mobilization and reduce the degree of vulnerability of agricultural production to ensure food security.
Correlation of agricultural inputs with the use and type of water harvesting technologies. Note: ‘a’ = significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Correlation of agricultural inputs with the use and type of water harvesting technologies. Note: ‘a’ = significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Note: ‘a’ and ‘b’ are significant at 0.01 & 0.05 levels. t-test summary statistics between HH socio-economic attributes and PCC threshold.
Note: ‘a’ and ‘b’ are significant at 0.01 & 0.05 levels. t-test summary statistics between HH socio-economic attributes and PCC threshold.
Summary statistics of the regression analysis between HH and farm-level factors and PCC acquisition. Dependent Variable: PCC acquisition. 2 (Constant), FS, LHS, FI.PH, U_WHT, HH_AFE, and AGIU. Table 8
Summary statistics of the regression analysis between HH and farm-level factors and PCC acquisition. Dependent Variable: PCC acquisition. 2 (Constant), FS, LHS, FI.PH, U_WHT, HH_AFE, and AGIU. Table 8
* Dependent Variable: PCC acquisition. Summary statistics of the regression analysis between WHT types and PCC acquisition.
* Dependent Variable: PCC acquisition. Summary statistics of the regression analysis between WHT types and PCC acquisition.
Fig. 8. Problems associated with the implementation of WHTs.
Fig. 8. Problems associated with the implementation of WHTs.
References
References
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