Table 2 despite the presence of malicious actors. In the context of blockchain, nodes represent the generals, and achieving consensus is similar to coordinating their actions despite potential traitors [26]. Consensus mechanisms can be categorized based on their underlying principles. Some research [7,22] identifies PoW, PoS, Byzantine, etc., consistency agreement as the basic consensus mechanisms, evaluating them on various aspects. In PoW, miners compete to solve challenging mathematical puzzles, as Table | illustrates. Blocks are added to the chain by miners in order of validity. The quantity of coins held by validators, or stakers, determines their selection in Proof of Stake (PoS). They verify transactions and add new blocks. Here, holders of DPoS tokens cast votes for delegates with transaction validation authority. Nodes of PBFT interact and cast votes on proposed blocks. The agreement of a super- majority constitutes consensus. Nodes choose a leader in Raft, which is the leader-based consensus, and the leader suggests blocks. Validators in Proof of Authority (PoA) are recognized entities, such as authorized organizations, who create blocks in shifts. Some private and consortium blockchains make use of these. Further Reference [28] reviews these mechanisms, highlighting their strengths, imitations, and performance measures. Reference [29] proposes a cluster-based classification of consensus algorithms, identifying new clusters, and discussing open problems. Research [30] explores he potential for mechanism design approaches to achieving consensus, particularly in mitigating rade-offs and enhancing scalability. Every consensus method involves trade-offs; the decision is based on the particular use case, the objectives of the network, and the desired characteristics. As blockchain echnology develops further, additional consensus techniques can appear. Based on the existing literature [3,8,23,28], Table 2 classifies consensus mechanisms based o heir underlying principles, outlining examples and pros and cons for each mechanism. It concisel \verviews popular mechanisms such as PoW, PoS, DPoS, PBFT, Raft, and PoA, highlighting the: