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Figure 19. Radiation pattern at 2.48 GHz of decagon MTM antenna-III achieved after modified MTM inclusion. The proposed antenna with a novel MTM structure was simulated and analyzed. The conventional antenna did not have parameters that could fulfill the demand. A comparison with the previous results as well as with the conventional patch shows the improvement in the parameter modification. The author would like to mention that if researchers would prefer MTM along with conventional methods then promising results can be achieved. The comparison of theoretical calculation with the simulation result for the proposed decagon MTM antenna-III is shown in Table 5.

Figure 19 Radiation pattern at 2.48 GHz of decagon MTM antenna-III achieved after modified MTM inclusion. The proposed antenna with a novel MTM structure was simulated and analyzed. The conventional antenna did not have parameters that could fulfill the demand. A comparison with the previous results as well as with the conventional patch shows the improvement in the parameter modification. The author would like to mention that if researchers would prefer MTM along with conventional methods then promising results can be achieved. The comparison of theoretical calculation with the simulation result for the proposed decagon MTM antenna-III is shown in Table 5.

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Figure 1. Geometrical view of traditional decagon patch antenna-I (all dimensions in mm); (a) top view (b) bottom view, and (c) perspective view Figures 1(a) to (c) shows the geometrical view of the traditional decagon antenna-I constructed using HFSS at 2.4 GHz. The structure is composed of FR4 with a permittivity of 4.4 with an inset feed. The antenna's overall dimensions are 0.46 Ag x 0.44 Ap x 0.013 Ag. The effective length of the designed traditional decagon antenna is 104 mm. The decagon shape is selected because it radiates energy in ten corners, resulting in the highest radiation efficiency compared to other antenna shapes. The top side of the antenna has a decagon patch, and the bottom side is a ground plane. The dimensions of the antenna parameter (in mm) as Lp: to Lpgs=10.79, Lpo=8.61, Lpio=8.76, and Lpi;=Lp12=13, Lx 13.6, We=2.43, W=58, and L=55.
Figure 1. Geometrical view of traditional decagon patch antenna-I (all dimensions in mm); (a) top view (b) bottom view, and (c) perspective view Figures 1(a) to (c) shows the geometrical view of the traditional decagon antenna-I constructed using HFSS at 2.4 GHz. The structure is composed of FR4 with a permittivity of 4.4 with an inset feed. The antenna's overall dimensions are 0.46 Ag x 0.44 Ap x 0.013 Ag. The effective length of the designed traditional decagon antenna is 104 mm. The decagon shape is selected because it radiates energy in ten corners, resulting in the highest radiation efficiency compared to other antenna shapes. The top side of the antenna has a decagon patch, and the bottom side is a ground plane. The dimensions of the antenna parameter (in mm) as Lp: to Lpgs=10.79, Lpo=8.61, Lpio=8.76, and Lpi;=Lp12=13, Lx 13.6, We=2.43, W=58, and L=55.
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a traditional decagon patch antenna-I Figure 2 shows the equivalent circuit of a traditional decagon patch antenna-I. On the patch top side the decagon patch has inductance Lz is placed parallel with dielectric subtracts C; whereas Li represents the inductance of the transmission line. A simulation was done in HFSS software and the results were analyzed. At the resonant frequency, Figure 3 represents surface current distribution. It can be seen that there is a significant concentration of current at the edges of the decagon patch. ee Gane eS
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a traditional decagon patch antenna-I Figure 2 shows the equivalent circuit of a traditional decagon patch antenna-I. On the patch top side the decagon patch has inductance Lz is placed parallel with dielectric subtracts C; whereas Li represents the inductance of the transmission line. A simulation was done in HFSS software and the results were analyzed. At the resonant frequency, Figure 3 represents surface current distribution. It can be seen that there is a significant concentration of current at the edges of the decagon patch. ee Gane eS
Figure 3. Surface current distribution at 2.4 GHz of traditional decagon antenna-I
Figure 3. Surface current distribution at 2.4 GHz of traditional decagon antenna-I
Figure 4. Radiation pattern at 2.48 GHz of the traditional decagon patch antenna Figure 4 shows the radiation pattern of a traditional decagon patch antenna that is similar to those of an omnidirectional antenna. The antenna gain is shown in Figure 5 and the simulated return loss, VSWR shown in Figures 6 and 7. The simulation results show a gain of 4.25 dB, bandwidth of 35 MHz, return loss of 13.79, and VSWR of 1.51 but the antenna has a large size of 58x55 mm”. The volumetric reduction in area is 925 mm”. Table 1 shows a comparison of theoretical calculation with the simulation result for traditional decagon antenna-I.
Figure 4. Radiation pattern at 2.48 GHz of the traditional decagon patch antenna Figure 4 shows the radiation pattern of a traditional decagon patch antenna that is similar to those of an omnidirectional antenna. The antenna gain is shown in Figure 5 and the simulated return loss, VSWR shown in Figures 6 and 7. The simulation results show a gain of 4.25 dB, bandwidth of 35 MHz, return loss of 13.79, and VSWR of 1.51 but the antenna has a large size of 58x55 mm”. The volumetric reduction in area is 925 mm”. Table 1 shows a comparison of theoretical calculation with the simulation result for traditional decagon antenna-I.
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024: 973-985 Figure 5. Gain of traditional decagon antenna at 2.4 GHz
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024: 973-985 Figure 5. Gain of traditional decagon antenna at 2.4 GHz
Figure 8. Geometrical view of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II (all dimensions in mm); (a) top view, (b) bottom view, and (c) perspective view Figures 8(a) to (c) shows the geometrical view of the traditional decagon MTM antenna-II designec at 2.4 GHz using HFSS. The antenna is compact, with measurements of 0.26 Ag x 0.28 Ap x 0.013 Ag. The designed traditional decagon MTM antenna-II has an effective length of 75 mm. The antenna has a decagor patch on top and a square split ring resonator on the bottom. In Table 2, all of the antenna parameters ar listed. Figure 9 shows the equivalent circuit of a traditional decagon MTM antenna-II. Here outer square ring and the inner square ring slot behaves as a distributed capacitance and the remaining metallic part at the 2.2. Traditional decagon metamaterial antenna-II
Figure 8. Geometrical view of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II (all dimensions in mm); (a) top view, (b) bottom view, and (c) perspective view Figures 8(a) to (c) shows the geometrical view of the traditional decagon MTM antenna-II designec at 2.4 GHz using HFSS. The antenna is compact, with measurements of 0.26 Ag x 0.28 Ap x 0.013 Ag. The designed traditional decagon MTM antenna-II has an effective length of 75 mm. The antenna has a decagor patch on top and a square split ring resonator on the bottom. In Table 2, all of the antenna parameters ar listed. Figure 9 shows the equivalent circuit of a traditional decagon MTM antenna-II. Here outer square ring and the inner square ring slot behaves as a distributed capacitance and the remaining metallic part at the 2.2. Traditional decagon metamaterial antenna-II
Figure 10. Radiation pattern at 2.48 GHz of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II Figure 11. Gain of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II at 2.4 GHz To analyze the performance of the antenna, the results are obtained by simulating the design in HFSS software. Figure 10 illustrates the traditional decagon MTM antenna-II radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz closes to an omnidirectional antenna. In Figure 11, the antenna gain is shown. The simulation's results indicate a gain of 1.60 dB. At the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz, it is noticed that the return loss is obtained at 11.04dB, VSWR as 1.78 as shown in Figures 12 and 13. The simulation shows that the traditional MTM antenna bandwidth is 78 MHz at -10 dB. The traditional decagon MTM has a volumetric reduction of 540 mm? (in simulation) as compared to the traditional decagon antenna. A comparison of theoretical calculation with the simulation result for traditional decagon MTM antenna-II is shown in Table 3.
Figure 10. Radiation pattern at 2.48 GHz of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II Figure 11. Gain of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II at 2.4 GHz To analyze the performance of the antenna, the results are obtained by simulating the design in HFSS software. Figure 10 illustrates the traditional decagon MTM antenna-II radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz closes to an omnidirectional antenna. In Figure 11, the antenna gain is shown. The simulation's results indicate a gain of 1.60 dB. At the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz, it is noticed that the return loss is obtained at 11.04dB, VSWR as 1.78 as shown in Figures 12 and 13. The simulation shows that the traditional MTM antenna bandwidth is 78 MHz at -10 dB. The traditional decagon MTM has a volumetric reduction of 540 mm? (in simulation) as compared to the traditional decagon antenna. A comparison of theoretical calculation with the simulation result for traditional decagon MTM antenna-II is shown in Table 3.
Figure 9. Equivalent circuit of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II where volume 1 is volume of the traditional antenna, volume 2 is volume of the traditional MTM antenna. overall volumetric reduction=[(925 — 540)/925] x 100=41.62%. A volumetric reduction of 41% is achieved in a traditional MTM antenna as compared to a traditional antenna.
Figure 9. Equivalent circuit of traditional decagon MTM antenna-II where volume 1 is volume of the traditional antenna, volume 2 is volume of the traditional MTM antenna. overall volumetric reduction=[(925 — 540)/925] x 100=41.62%. A volumetric reduction of 41% is achieved in a traditional MTM antenna as compared to a traditional antenna.
2.3. Proposed decagon metamaterial antenna-III Here, we have attempted size reduction of the decagon antenna using the modified MTM structure. Figures 14(a) to (c) represents the structure of the proposed decagon MTM antenna-III designed at 2.4 GHz using HFSS. The structure is composed of FR4 with a permittivity of 4.4 with an inset feed. The antenna has small in size with dimensions of 0.26 Ag x 0.28 Ap <x 0.013 Ao. The effective length of the decagon MTM antenna-III is 74.46 mm. The top side of the antenna has a decagon patch, and the bottom side has been loaded with a modified CSRR structure [15] that helps in miniaturization. Table 4 lists all of the antenna parameters that have been mentioned. Theoretical analveie:
2.3. Proposed decagon metamaterial antenna-III Here, we have attempted size reduction of the decagon antenna using the modified MTM structure. Figures 14(a) to (c) represents the structure of the proposed decagon MTM antenna-III designed at 2.4 GHz using HFSS. The structure is composed of FR4 with a permittivity of 4.4 with an inset feed. The antenna has small in size with dimensions of 0.26 Ag x 0.28 Ap <x 0.013 Ao. The effective length of the decagon MTM antenna-III is 74.46 mm. The top side of the antenna has a decagon patch, and the bottom side has been loaded with a modified CSRR structure [15] that helps in miniaturization. Table 4 lists all of the antenna parameters that have been mentioned. Theoretical analveie:
Figure 14. Geometrical view of proposed decagon MTM antenna-III (all dimensions in mm); (a) top view, (b) bottom view, and (c) perspective view
Figure 14. Geometrical view of proposed decagon MTM antenna-III (all dimensions in mm); (a) top view, (b) bottom view, and (c) perspective view
Figure 15. Boundary conditions for a transmission line with a proposed CSRR unit cell structure Figure 15 illustrate boundary conditions for a transmission line with a proposed CSRR unit cell structure. An MTM structure was validated by placing a CSRR unit cell between two waveguide ports (A and B) in HFSS. The faces are defined by a transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM), which is excited by the wave. On the top and bottom faces of the waveguide, the perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary condition was defined, and on the right and left faces of the waveguide, the perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary condition was defined. Figures 16 and 17 show that the permittivity and permeability of the meta-surface are both negative in the 2.2-2.78 GHz frequency range, verifying the surface's DNG behaviour in this frequency range [22]. At 2.4 GHz the modified decagonal MTM antenna structure on the bottom side causes large current distribution as compared to the traditional decagon antenna-I as shown in Figure 18.
Figure 15. Boundary conditions for a transmission line with a proposed CSRR unit cell structure Figure 15 illustrate boundary conditions for a transmission line with a proposed CSRR unit cell structure. An MTM structure was validated by placing a CSRR unit cell between two waveguide ports (A and B) in HFSS. The faces are defined by a transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM), which is excited by the wave. On the top and bottom faces of the waveguide, the perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary condition was defined, and on the right and left faces of the waveguide, the perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary condition was defined. Figures 16 and 17 show that the permittivity and permeability of the meta-surface are both negative in the 2.2-2.78 GHz frequency range, verifying the surface's DNG behaviour in this frequency range [22]. At 2.4 GHz the modified decagonal MTM antenna structure on the bottom side causes large current distribution as compared to the traditional decagon antenna-I as shown in Figure 18.
Figure 16. The relative permittivity vs frequency of proposed CSRR unit cell
Figure 16. The relative permittivity vs frequency of proposed CSRR unit cell
Figure 17. The relative permeability vs frequency of the proposed CSRR unit cell
Figure 17. The relative permeability vs frequency of the proposed CSRR unit cell
Figure 18. Surface current distribution of proposed decagon MTM antenna-III at 2.4 GHz
Figure 18. Surface current distribution of proposed decagon MTM antenna-III at 2.4 GHz
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024: 973-985 Figure 20. Gain of decagon MTM antenna-III at 2.4 GHz
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2024: 973-985 Figure 20. Gain of decagon MTM antenna-III at 2.4 GHz
Table 6. Comparison of proposed design performance with traditional antenna Table 7. Comparison of the presented antenna with leading-edge antennas Table 6 compares the proposed MTM decagon antenna with the traditional MTM antenna. The proposed MTM structure improved a gain of 0.7dBi compared to the traditional MTM structure. Also improved VSWR and return loss, bandwidth. The proposed MTM-loaded antenna has a bandwidth of 90 MHz (2.40-2.50 GHz), which is up to 2.75 times more than the reference antenna's bandwidth of 35 MHz. Also, a volumetric reduction of 50% is achieved using an MTM structure when compared to a traditional decagon antenna. Table 7 compares the performance of the proposed MTM antenna to that of reference antennas that have already been designed in the literature. The overall size of the proposed MTM antenna is less and it has higher gain characteristics than that of state-of-the-art designs [13], [18], [23]-{32] mentioned in literature.
Table 6. Comparison of proposed design performance with traditional antenna Table 7. Comparison of the presented antenna with leading-edge antennas Table 6 compares the proposed MTM decagon antenna with the traditional MTM antenna. The proposed MTM structure improved a gain of 0.7dBi compared to the traditional MTM structure. Also improved VSWR and return loss, bandwidth. The proposed MTM-loaded antenna has a bandwidth of 90 MHz (2.40-2.50 GHz), which is up to 2.75 times more than the reference antenna's bandwidth of 35 MHz. Also, a volumetric reduction of 50% is achieved using an MTM structure when compared to a traditional decagon antenna. Table 7 compares the performance of the proposed MTM antenna to that of reference antennas that have already been designed in the literature. The overall size of the proposed MTM antenna is less and it has higher gain characteristics than that of state-of-the-art designs [13], [18], [23]-{32] mentioned in literature.
4. CONCLUSION A compact decagonal antenna using inspired MTM loaded with a CSRR is presented at 2.4 GHz for wireless applications. It has an overall dimension of 0.288 Agx0.272 Agx0.013 Ao. The MTM-loaded CSRR structure is used to achieve miniaturization. In comparison to the standard traditional
4. CONCLUSION A compact decagonal antenna using inspired MTM loaded with a CSRR is presented at 2.4 GHz for wireless applications. It has an overall dimension of 0.288 Agx0.272 Agx0.013 Ao. The MTM-loaded CSRR structure is used to achieve miniaturization. In comparison to the standard traditional
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