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Figure 7. Potential earthquake archaeological effects (PEAEs) at Sissi. (a) Schematic plan with features mentioned in the text (modifies ifter Gaignerot-Driessen and Letesson, 2012); (b) pit south of Building CD with northern part covered by a stone heap (photo by L. Man yusogiannaki), with window jamb (wj) shown in (a) and (c); (c) section through pit showing ammouda (sandstone) window jamb (wj) champagne cup (cc), and foot of kylix (k) (photo by M. Devolder); (d) window jamb in ammouda found in Building CD, Room 3.6 (phot oy F. Gaignerot-Driessen); (e) window jamb (wj) as found in Building CD, Room 3.6 (photo by F. Gaignerot-Driessen); (f) hammer-grinde ‘rom pit (Photo by B. Chan). (Photos courtesy of Sissi Archaeological Project.)

Figure 7 Potential earthquake archaeological effects (PEAEs) at Sissi. (a) Schematic plan with features mentioned in the text (modifies ifter Gaignerot-Driessen and Letesson, 2012); (b) pit south of Building CD with northern part covered by a stone heap (photo by L. Man yusogiannaki), with window jamb (wj) shown in (a) and (c); (c) section through pit showing ammouda (sandstone) window jamb (wj) champagne cup (cc), and foot of kylix (k) (photo by M. Devolder); (d) window jamb in ammouda found in Building CD, Room 3.6 (phot oy F. Gaignerot-Driessen); (e) window jamb (wj) as found in Building CD, Room 3.6 (photo by F. Gaignerot-Driessen); (f) hammer-grinde ‘rom pit (Photo by B. Chan). (Photos courtesy of Sissi Archaeological Project.)

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coinciding with the final demise of Minoan society. As ar- gued elsewhere (Jusseret and Sintubin, 2012), LM IB might represent a key target for assessing the effects of earthquakes on Minoan archaeological sites. Thanks to widespread site abandonment and limited reoccupation, the period poten- tially provides the possibility of studying minimally dis- turbed records of earthquake damage. At the same time, ee eae ee ne ae ee ee Significantly, the time window investigated also corre- sponds to a period of major cultural change heralding the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. Although cultural mechanisms driving these large-scale transformations remain unclear (raids of the Sea Peoples, internal conflicts, inherent insta- bility of Bronze Age palatial systems), there has been a long- held suspicion that increased aridity (Carpenter, 1966; Bry- son et al., 1974) and seismic activity (Schaeffer, 1968) at the end of the Bronze Age might have played a significant role. In particular, Schaeffer’s earthquake hypothesis (see also Schaeffer, 1948) received renewed attention in the last de- cade through the work of Nur and Cline (2000) suggesting that increased seismic activity (i.e., a seismic storm) in the Eastern Mediterranean during the years 1225-1175 B.C. (the so-called Late Bronze Age paroxysm) could have been responsible for the partial or total destruction of a number of Eastern Mediterranean settlements, including Khania and Knossos on Crete (Jusseret and Sintubin, 2013). Although Nur and Cline (2000) acknowledge that other forces may have been simultaneously at work, their approach based on a restricted selection of archaeological sites clearly runs the risk of creating artificial earthquake destruction patterns, Figure 1. Location map of archaeological sites mentioned in the text. Black circles, LM IIIB archaeological sites selected for archaeoseismological analysis; white circles, other LM IIIB archaeological sites; star, MM IIIA archaeological site; white squares, modern towns; msl, mean sea level. (Background DEM courtesy of Laboratory of Geophysical-Satellite Remote Sensing & Archaeo-Environment [IMS-FORTH, Rethymno].)
coinciding with the final demise of Minoan society. As ar- gued elsewhere (Jusseret and Sintubin, 2012), LM IB might represent a key target for assessing the effects of earthquakes on Minoan archaeological sites. Thanks to widespread site abandonment and limited reoccupation, the period poten- tially provides the possibility of studying minimally dis- turbed records of earthquake damage. At the same time, ee eae ee ne ae ee ee Significantly, the time window investigated also corre- sponds to a period of major cultural change heralding the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. Although cultural mechanisms driving these large-scale transformations remain unclear (raids of the Sea Peoples, internal conflicts, inherent insta- bility of Bronze Age palatial systems), there has been a long- held suspicion that increased aridity (Carpenter, 1966; Bry- son et al., 1974) and seismic activity (Schaeffer, 1968) at the end of the Bronze Age might have played a significant role. In particular, Schaeffer’s earthquake hypothesis (see also Schaeffer, 1948) received renewed attention in the last de- cade through the work of Nur and Cline (2000) suggesting that increased seismic activity (i.e., a seismic storm) in the Eastern Mediterranean during the years 1225-1175 B.C. (the so-called Late Bronze Age paroxysm) could have been responsible for the partial or total destruction of a number of Eastern Mediterranean settlements, including Khania and Knossos on Crete (Jusseret and Sintubin, 2013). Although Nur and Cline (2000) acknowledge that other forces may have been simultaneously at work, their approach based on a restricted selection of archaeological sites clearly runs the risk of creating artificial earthquake destruction patterns, Figure 1. Location map of archaeological sites mentioned in the text. Black circles, LM IIIB archaeological sites selected for archaeoseismological analysis; white circles, other LM IIIB archaeological sites; star, MM IIIA archaeological site; white squares, modern towns; msl, mean sea level. (Background DEM courtesy of Laboratory of Geophysical-Satellite Remote Sensing & Archaeo-Environment [IMS-FORTH, Rethymno].)
After Manning (2010); EM IA phase after Schoep et al. (2012). Approximate Absolute Chronology for the Cretan Bronze Age
After Manning (2010); EM IA phase after Schoep et al. (2012). Approximate Absolute Chronology for the Cretan Bronze Age
Figure 3. Schematic outline of areas of potential earthquake foci for the three main earthquake mechanisms identified near Crete. Thick black line, in-slab earthquakes (after Shaw and Jack- son, 2010); dashed line, interface earthquakes; dotted line, north— south normal-faulting earthquakes (after Benetatos et al., 2004). HTS, Hellenic trench system (after Shaw and Jackson, 2010).
Figure 3. Schematic outline of areas of potential earthquake foci for the three main earthquake mechanisms identified near Crete. Thick black line, in-slab earthquakes (after Shaw and Jack- son, 2010); dashed line, interface earthquakes; dotted line, north— south normal-faulting earthquakes (after Benetatos et al., 2004). HTS, Hellenic trench system (after Shaw and Jackson, 2010).
Figure 2. Seismotectonic setting of the Aegean region with seismic hazard (peak ground acceleration [%g] expected at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years) according to Global Seismic- Hazard Assessment Program (see Data and Resources and Giardini, 1999). GPS-derived plate velocities (mm/yr) relative to Eurasia after Reilinger et al. (2006). HSZ, Hellenic subduction zone; CSZ, Cyprus subduction zone; AE, Aegean plate; AN, Anatolian plate; DSF, Dead Sea fault; EAF, East Anatolian fault; NAF, North Anatolian fault.
Figure 2. Seismotectonic setting of the Aegean region with seismic hazard (peak ground acceleration [%g] expected at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years) according to Global Seismic- Hazard Assessment Program (see Data and Resources and Giardini, 1999). GPS-derived plate velocities (mm/yr) relative to Eurasia after Reilinger et al. (2006). HSZ, Hellenic subduction zone; CSZ, Cyprus subduction zone; AE, Aegean plate; AN, Anatolian plate; DSF, Dead Sea fault; EAF, East Anatolian fault; NAF, North Anatolian fault.
Data on the 21 July 365 A.D. and 12 October 1856 A.D. Earthquakes in the Hellenic Subduction Zone Based on Seismic-Intensity Data
Data on the 21 July 365 A.D. and 12 October 1856 A.D. Earthquakes in the Hellenic Subduction Zone Based on Seismic-Intensity Data
Potential Earthquake Archaeological Effects (PEAEs)
Potential Earthquake Archaeological Effects (PEAEs)
Figure 6. Potential earthquake archaeological effects (PEAEs) at Malia-Block Nu. (a) Schematic plan with features mentioned in the tex (modified after Driessen and Fiasse, 2011); (b) skeleton found buried under rubble in the so-called “tower”; (c) heap of rubble (h) dumped t the east of the complex and partly over the “tower” (t), and retaining wall (white dashed line) constructed of collapsed debris and associate‘ path (p) opened along the east facade of the complex (f); (d) pit II (outline in dashed white line); (¢) LM IIA2-IIIB 1/early decorated sherds o fine drinking vessels from pit II. (Photos courtesy of Ecole francaise d’ Athénes.)
Figure 6. Potential earthquake archaeological effects (PEAEs) at Malia-Block Nu. (a) Schematic plan with features mentioned in the tex (modified after Driessen and Fiasse, 2011); (b) skeleton found buried under rubble in the so-called “tower”; (c) heap of rubble (h) dumped t the east of the complex and partly over the “tower” (t), and retaining wall (white dashed line) constructed of collapsed debris and associate‘ path (p) opened along the east facade of the complex (f); (d) pit II (outline in dashed white line); (¢) LM IIA2-IIIB 1/early decorated sherds o fine drinking vessels from pit II. (Photos courtesy of Ecole francaise d’ Athénes.)
Maximum Expected PGA Values at Malia and Sissi for Normal-Faulting Earthquakes (M,, 6.7 Earthquake on the Kastelli Fault) After Danciu and Tselentis (2007).
Maximum Expected PGA Values at Malia and Sissi for Normal-Faulting Earthquakes (M,, 6.7 Earthquake on the Kastelli Fault) After Danciu and Tselentis (2007).
Figure 8. Predicted PGA for rock sites (NEHRP B) as a function of closest distance to the fault plane D and focal depth h based on the relationships of Atkinson and Boore (2003). In-slab events: (a) M,, 6.5; (b) M,, 7.0; (c) M,, 7.5. Interface events: (d) M,, 6.5; (e) M,, 7.0; (f) M,, 7.5; (g) My 8.3. Black lines indicate values of 320 cm/s”. See text for further explanation.
Figure 8. Predicted PGA for rock sites (NEHRP B) as a function of closest distance to the fault plane D and focal depth h based on the relationships of Atkinson and Boore (2003). In-slab events: (a) M,, 6.5; (b) M,, 7.0; (c) M,, 7.5. Interface events: (d) M,, 6.5; (e) M,, 7.0; (f) M,, 7.5; (g) My 8.3. Black lines indicate values of 320 cm/s”. See text for further explanation.
Figure 10. —_ Isoseismal map of the 12 October 1856 A.D. earth- quake, redrawn after Sieberg (1932). The inset map presents a detailed view of Crete, including main modern towns. Figure 9. Estimated zones with PGA values >320 cm/s? as a function of NEHRP site classes (B, C) for an in-slab event of M,, 7.5 (focal depth 100 km) and epicentral coordinates corresponding to the 12 October 1856 A.D. earthquake (a, epicentral location according to Pa- padopoulos, 2011; b, epicentral location according to Papazachos, 1996). NEHRP B, pre-Neogene rocks; NEHRP C, Neogene-—Pleistocene deposits; NEHRP D-E, Holocene deposits. Black lines indicate active faults according to Caputo et al. (2010) and Mountrakis et al. (2012). Dashed rectangles correspond to the surface projection of the presumed fault planes (after Strasser et al., 2010). Dotted lines indicate the depth of the African slab after Hatzfeld and Martin (1992). A full representation of zones with PGA values >320 cm/s? is shown in the inset. (NEHRP site classes derived from geological data courtesy of Laboratory of Geophysical-Satellite Remote Sensing & Archaeo-Environment [IMS-FORTH, Rethymno].)
Figure 10. —_ Isoseismal map of the 12 October 1856 A.D. earth- quake, redrawn after Sieberg (1932). The inset map presents a detailed view of Crete, including main modern towns. Figure 9. Estimated zones with PGA values >320 cm/s? as a function of NEHRP site classes (B, C) for an in-slab event of M,, 7.5 (focal depth 100 km) and epicentral coordinates corresponding to the 12 October 1856 A.D. earthquake (a, epicentral location according to Pa- padopoulos, 2011; b, epicentral location according to Papazachos, 1996). NEHRP B, pre-Neogene rocks; NEHRP C, Neogene-—Pleistocene deposits; NEHRP D-E, Holocene deposits. Black lines indicate active faults according to Caputo et al. (2010) and Mountrakis et al. (2012). Dashed rectangles correspond to the surface projection of the presumed fault planes (after Strasser et al., 2010). Dotted lines indicate the depth of the African slab after Hatzfeld and Martin (1992). A full representation of zones with PGA values >320 cm/s? is shown in the inset. (NEHRP site classes derived from geological data courtesy of Laboratory of Geophysical-Satellite Remote Sensing & Archaeo-Environment [IMS-FORTH, Rethymno].)
Related topics:
Archaeological Method & TheoryAegean ArchaeologyMinoan art and archaeologyMinoan ArchaeologyArchaeological Site Formation ProcessesAegean PrehistoryArchaeology of CreteAegean Late Bronze Age PotteryMinoan Crete
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