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Frequency of Operational Challenge: Figure 3. Operational challenge in hydroponic farming Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, January, 2025, Volume 28 eISSN 2091-0428; pISSN 2091-042X; esjindex ID = 6279 The high frequency of challenges related to initial investment/setup costs indicates that capital intensity is a significant barrier to entry or scaling in hydroponic farming. The dependency on energy/electricity and market price fluctuations further emphasizes the need for reliable infrastructure and stable economic conditions to maintain profitability and operational stability. Addressing these challenges could enhance the viability and sustainability of hydroponic farming operations, potentially lowering entry barriers and operational risks.

Figure 3 Frequency of Operational Challenge: Figure 3. Operational challenge in hydroponic farming Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, January, 2025, Volume 28 eISSN 2091-0428; pISSN 2091-042X; esjindex ID = 6279 The high frequency of challenges related to initial investment/setup costs indicates that capital intensity is a significant barrier to entry or scaling in hydroponic farming. The dependency on energy/electricity and market price fluctuations further emphasizes the need for reliable infrastructure and stable economic conditions to maintain profitability and operational stability. Addressing these challenges could enhance the viability and sustainability of hydroponic farming operations, potentially lowering entry barriers and operational risks.

Related Figures (6)

Figure 1. Scatter plot for initial investment costs vs scale of operation Figure 2. Operational Costs across different regions
Figure 1. Scatter plot for initial investment costs vs scale of operation Figure 2. Operational Costs across different regions
Table 1. Revenue and Profitability Analysis
Table 1. Revenue and Profitability Analysis
Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, January, 2025, Volume 28 elSSN 2091-0428; pISSN 2091-042X; esjindex ID = 6279 MARKET TRENDS AND CONSUMER PREFERENCES IN LITERATURE
Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, January, 2025, Volume 28 elSSN 2091-0428; pISSN 2091-042X; esjindex ID = 6279 MARKET TRENDS AND CONSUMER PREFERENCES IN LITERATURE
Figure 5. Different marketing channels networks, with online sales and wholesale underutilized. The bar chart shows that local markets are the most frequently used market channel, with a total frequency of 8. Self-consumption is the second most common market channel, with a frequency of 4. Although local markets and direct restaurant sales dominate distribution channels, reflecting consumer preferences for fresh, locally sourced produce. However, challenges persist in expanding these networks, with online sales and wholesale underutilized.
Figure 5. Different marketing channels networks, with online sales and wholesale underutilized. The bar chart shows that local markets are the most frequently used market channel, with a total frequency of 8. Self-consumption is the second most common market channel, with a frequency of 4. Although local markets and direct restaurant sales dominate distribution channels, reflecting consumer preferences for fresh, locally sourced produce. However, challenges persist in expanding these networks, with online sales and wholesale underutilized.
Figure 6. Consumer preference for hydroponic produce quality, pesticide-free, and sustainable. These attributes align with global The study aligns with global trend, where hydroponic farming faces similar economic and operational hurdles. Yet, specific to Kathmandu are localized challenges such as limited technical capacity and unique market conditions, which affect feasibility. Global success stories emphasize the role of government support and technological innovation in overcoming these barriers.
Figure 6. Consumer preference for hydroponic produce quality, pesticide-free, and sustainable. These attributes align with global The study aligns with global trend, where hydroponic farming faces similar economic and operational hurdles. Yet, specific to Kathmandu are localized challenges such as limited technical capacity and unique market conditions, which affect feasibility. Global success stories emphasize the role of government support and technological innovation in overcoming these barriers.
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