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Figure 14. Chronological data relating to bog-pine timbers from Ireland discussed in this paper. Calibrated !+C dates are shown, including 1o and 20 ranges and median age for each date (after outputs from OxCal v. 4.4 and IntCal20). Boxes are used to indicate floating bog-pine chronologies for Ballydoo Bog (A), Letterfrack (B), Derryeighter (C), Garrynagran (D), and phase with high frequency of bog-oak and bog-pine timbers from north-east Ireland (based on dendrochronological data, [55]) and a drought period as proposed by the same authors [55] (E). Three outlier 14C dates are shown in the top inset. Bog-pines, FRKC W6 and FRKC W7, are from west Mayo; these timbers, and FRKC W8 from Corboley, north of Barna, Connemara, are at the Visitor Centre, Connemara National Park.

Figure 14 Chronological data relating to bog-pine timbers from Ireland discussed in this paper. Calibrated !+C dates are shown, including 1o and 20 ranges and median age for each date (after outputs from OxCal v. 4.4 and IntCal20). Boxes are used to indicate floating bog-pine chronologies for Ballydoo Bog (A), Letterfrack (B), Derryeighter (C), Garrynagran (D), and phase with high frequency of bog-oak and bog-pine timbers from north-east Ireland (based on dendrochronological data, [55]) and a drought period as proposed by the same authors [55] (E). Three outlier 14C dates are shown in the top inset. Bog-pines, FRKC W6 and FRKC W7, are from west Mayo; these timbers, and FRKC W8 from Corboley, north of Barna, Connemara, are at the Visitor Centre, Connemara National Park.

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Figure 2. Maps showing locations of investigated sites at Derryinver and Letterfrack. (A) Aerial ohotograph of Derryinver hill (heathy vegetation on a thin layer of peat) and immediate surrounds. Locations of pollen profiles (6) and archaeological features are indicated. (B) Aerial photograph centred on Owengarve river, Letterfrack. Locations of pollen profiles (FRK II-IV; location of FRK III is a best estimate), investigated pine timbers and Letterfrack court tomb (53.5478, —9.94908; an arrow o0ints to its location) are indicated. FRK W3 was dendrochonologically investigated but it did not match (short-ring sequence; older than other investigated timbers). Lighter areas are dominated by Molinia caerulea; otherwise, Calluna vulgaris tends to dominate; Ulex europaeus is the main tall shrub [he extent of the basin (valley) bog is indicated by a broken line. Source of base maps: ExpertGPS, TopoGrafix edition (https://www.expertgps.com/ (accessed on 23 August 2021)).
Figure 2. Maps showing locations of investigated sites at Derryinver and Letterfrack. (A) Aerial ohotograph of Derryinver hill (heathy vegetation on a thin layer of peat) and immediate surrounds. Locations of pollen profiles (6) and archaeological features are indicated. (B) Aerial photograph centred on Owengarve river, Letterfrack. Locations of pollen profiles (FRK II-IV; location of FRK III is a best estimate), investigated pine timbers and Letterfrack court tomb (53.5478, —9.94908; an arrow o0ints to its location) are indicated. FRK W3 was dendrochonologically investigated but it did not match (short-ring sequence; older than other investigated timbers). Lighter areas are dominated by Molinia caerulea; otherwise, Calluna vulgaris tends to dominate; Ulex europaeus is the main tall shrub [he extent of the basin (valley) bog is indicated by a broken line. Source of base maps: ExpertGPS, TopoGrafix edition (https://www.expertgps.com/ (accessed on 23 August 2021)).
Figure 3. Maps relating to Claddaghduff/Cleggan and Derryeighter. (A) Topographical map of study area at Claddaghduff/Cleggan and (B) aerial photograph showing details including standing stones, stone walls, and pollen profiles at north margin of an extensive blanket bog, north-east of Claddaghduff. (C) Aerial photograph of Derryeighter. Locations (best estimates) of pine timbers that were investigated are shown. Symbols with a dashed outline are used for timbers that were not in situ (these probably derive from, or close to, the locations where recorded). Filled symbols indicate the specimens that were MC dated. A white zig-zag line indicates samples (four) that cross-matched and that gave the floating chronology DTR P1M. Sources of base maps: ExpertGPS, TopoGrafix edition (https://www.expertgps.com/ (accessed on 23 August 2021)) (A and B), and Mapy.cz (www.seznam.cz; (accessed on 14 August 2021)).
Figure 3. Maps relating to Claddaghduff/Cleggan and Derryeighter. (A) Topographical map of study area at Claddaghduff/Cleggan and (B) aerial photograph showing details including standing stones, stone walls, and pollen profiles at north margin of an extensive blanket bog, north-east of Claddaghduff. (C) Aerial photograph of Derryeighter. Locations (best estimates) of pine timbers that were investigated are shown. Symbols with a dashed outline are used for timbers that were not in situ (these probably derive from, or close to, the locations where recorded). Filled symbols indicate the specimens that were MC dated. A white zig-zag line indicates samples (four) that cross-matched and that gave the floating chronology DTR P1M. Sources of base maps: ExpertGPS, TopoGrafix edition (https://www.expertgps.com/ (accessed on 23 August 2021)) (A and B), and Mapy.cz (www.seznam.cz; (accessed on 14 August 2021)).
Table 1. Overview of the main sites and the data (pollen and dendrochronology) presented in this paper.
Table 1. Overview of the main sites and the data (pollen and dendrochronology) presented in this paper.
1 Conventions and abbreviations: ps = no. of pollen spectra; no. of !*C dates are indicated, no. of rejected dates is given in parentheses; top = age of top of profile, based on median cal. date derived from a 14C date; span, ie., duration, is based on the age/depth model; sps = surface pollen spectra. * Theses (unpublished) are indicated by an asterisk. ‘Presented in detail’ indicates that data are discussed in detail in the main text. All primary data are/will be available in PANGAEA and various plots, photographs (labelled Plates), etc. are included as supplementary material. Table 1. Cont.
1 Conventions and abbreviations: ps = no. of pollen spectra; no. of !*C dates are indicated, no. of rejected dates is given in parentheses; top = age of top of profile, based on median cal. date derived from a 14C date; span, ie., duration, is based on the age/depth model; sps = surface pollen spectra. * Theses (unpublished) are indicated by an asterisk. ‘Presented in detail’ indicates that data are discussed in detail in the main text. All primary data are/will be available in PANGAEA and various plots, photographs (labelled Plates), etc. are included as supplementary material. Table 1. Cont.
Figure 4. The stratigraphy along a transect at Ballydoo Bog. Distances and depths are with respect to BDB I. Wood remains are colour coded and indicated by a letter where space permits; darker shading and bold are used to indicate substantial wood. Abbreviations: My: Myrica wood; P! (and a separate box): pine timber could not be penetrated so a new borehole was made; P?: pine cone; Ev: Eriophorum vaginatum fibres; Ph: Phragmites; 2°, probably secondary peat. Summary statistics regarding the various pollen profiles (number of spectra and C dates and time-span represented) are given in Table 1. Detailed results from the various sites are described below. Pollen, !*C and dendrochronological data are plotted in Figures 4-15, and further details are available in Figures S1-S6 and Tables S1-S8.
Figure 4. The stratigraphy along a transect at Ballydoo Bog. Distances and depths are with respect to BDB I. Wood remains are colour coded and indicated by a letter where space permits; darker shading and bold are used to indicate substantial wood. Abbreviations: My: Myrica wood; P! (and a separate box): pine timber could not be penetrated so a new borehole was made; P?: pine cone; Ev: Eriophorum vaginatum fibres; Ph: Phragmites; 2°, probably secondary peat. Summary statistics regarding the various pollen profiles (number of spectra and C dates and time-span represented) are given in Table 1. Detailed results from the various sites are described below. Pollen, !*C and dendrochronological data are plotted in Figures 4-15, and further details are available in Figures S1-S6 and Tables S1-S8.
Figure 5. Age—-depth plot and stratigraphy (key to stratigraphy in Figure 4), profile BDB I (Ballydoo Bog). Clam (ver. 2.3.8) was used to fit an age/depth curve (solid line; shaded area indicates uncertainly range) to the labelled points (ages are derived from calibrated !4C dates and pollen stratigraphy; details on figure and in the text). 14C dates, considered to be unreliable and hence not used, are indicated by ‘x’ (positions based on median ages as given by OxCal; see Table S1). The inset shows details of !4C dates of pine timbers. For these dates, the probability outputs from OxCal (probability curve, 1o and 20 ranges, and median age (given in brackets)) are positioned relative to the x-axis. The two GrN dates (combined in OxCal) relate to timber from the same tree rings, and, as expected, the dates are similar. The two Gd dates are from contiguous rings. The date from the outer rings (in red) is rejected for being too young (see text).
Figure 5. Age—-depth plot and stratigraphy (key to stratigraphy in Figure 4), profile BDB I (Ballydoo Bog). Clam (ver. 2.3.8) was used to fit an age/depth curve (solid line; shaded area indicates uncertainly range) to the labelled points (ages are derived from calibrated !4C dates and pollen stratigraphy; details on figure and in the text). 14C dates, considered to be unreliable and hence not used, are indicated by ‘x’ (positions based on median ages as given by OxCal; see Table S1). The inset shows details of !4C dates of pine timbers. For these dates, the probability outputs from OxCal (probability curve, 1o and 20 ranges, and median age (given in brackets)) are positioned relative to the x-axis. The two GrN dates (combined in OxCal) relate to timber from the same tree rings, and, as expected, the dates are similar. The two Gd dates are from contiguous rings. The date from the outer rings (in red) is rejected for being too young (see text).
Figure 6. Percentage pollen diagram, Ballydoo Bog (BDB J), lower part of profile (c. 11.8-4.67 ka). The data are plotted to an age scale. Percentage scales for the curves are the same throughout, apart from Sphagnum where the scale is halved. Silhouettes show values magnified by 10. ‘+’ indicates records from outside routine pollen counting. Occasional records, consisting either of a record from outside the count or <0.5%, are indicated by a dot and the taxon name (abbreviated).
Figure 6. Percentage pollen diagram, Ballydoo Bog (BDB J), lower part of profile (c. 11.8-4.67 ka). The data are plotted to an age scale. Percentage scales for the curves are the same throughout, apart from Sphagnum where the scale is halved. Silhouettes show values magnified by 10. ‘+’ indicates records from outside routine pollen counting. Occasional records, consisting either of a record from outside the count or <0.5%, are indicated by a dot and the taxon name (abbreviated).
Figure 7. Percentage pollen diagram, Ballydoo Bog, upper part of profile (c. 4.67—0.23 ka). Conven- tions are as in Figure 6.
Figure 7. Percentage pollen diagram, Ballydoo Bog, upper part of profile (c. 4.67—0.23 ka). Conven- tions are as in Figure 6.
Figure 8. Macrofossil, charcoal, loss-on-ignition, stratigraphy, PAZs, sediment accumulation rates and pollen percentage (composite AP and NAP1 curves), and concentration and accumulation rate data for profile BDB I, Ballydoo Bog are plotted to a depth scale. Ages of zone and subzone boundaries are indicated (ka and corresponding calendar years are given; BC. AD = CE, BCE). In the plots of NAP1 pollen concentration and accumulation rate data, exaggeration factors of x2 and x20, respectively, with respect to AP are used (see upper x-axes). For key to stratigraphy, see Figure 4.
Figure 8. Macrofossil, charcoal, loss-on-ignition, stratigraphy, PAZs, sediment accumulation rates and pollen percentage (composite AP and NAP1 curves), and concentration and accumulation rate data for profile BDB I, Ballydoo Bog are plotted to a depth scale. Ages of zone and subzone boundaries are indicated (ka and corresponding calendar years are given; BC. AD = CE, BCE). In the plots of NAP1 pollen concentration and accumulation rate data, exaggeration factors of x2 and x20, respectively, with respect to AP are used (see upper x-axes). For key to stratigraphy, see Figure 4.
Figure 9. Percentage pollen data, Ballydoo Bog. Selected data relating to four surface pollen samples and the upper part of profile BDB I (drawn to depth scale) are plotted. Ages may be regarded as indicative. In open histograms, the x-axis scales are magnified x10. Reduced scales (halved) are used for Poaceae, Calluna, and Cyperaceae. ‘+’ records are plotted as 0.05%. Surface pollen samples, derived from S. papillosum moss polsters, were collected in January 1992. Figure 9. Percentage pollen data, Ballydoo Bog. Selected data relating to four surface pollen samples
Figure 9. Percentage pollen data, Ballydoo Bog. Selected data relating to four surface pollen samples and the upper part of profile BDB I (drawn to depth scale) are plotted. Ages may be regarded as indicative. In open histograms, the x-axis scales are magnified x10. Reduced scales (halved) are used for Poaceae, Calluna, and Cyperaceae. ‘+’ records are plotted as 0.05%. Surface pollen samples, derived from S. papillosum moss polsters, were collected in January 1992. Figure 9. Percentage pollen data, Ballydoo Bog. Selected data relating to four surface pollen samples
Figure 11. Percentage pollen diagram DYR V from Derryinver (drawn to depth scale). Silhouettes show values magnified by 10. ‘+’ indicates records from outside routine pollen counting. Y-axis scales are the same throughout, apart from curves for Sphagnum and micro-charcoal, where the scale is halved. Dates between 6 ka and 10 ka should be regarded as tentative (see text). The intervals spanned by the nearby profile, DYR VIla, and the Late Iron Age Lull (LIAL; zone 7) are indicated.
Figure 11. Percentage pollen diagram DYR V from Derryinver (drawn to depth scale). Silhouettes show values magnified by 10. ‘+’ indicates records from outside routine pollen counting. Y-axis scales are the same throughout, apart from curves for Sphagnum and micro-charcoal, where the scale is halved. Dates between 6 ka and 10 ka should be regarded as tentative (see text). The intervals spanned by the nearby profile, DYR VIla, and the Late Iron Age Lull (LIAL; zone 7) are indicated.
Figure 13. Percentage pollen profile DYR VIIc, Derryinver (drawn to depth scale). Histograms, filled and non-filled, are drawn to either standard and magnified x-scales (x10 and x20, respectively). A few minor pollen taxa are omitted. Remains recorded in sievings of pollen samples are indicated by circles the size of which reflect abundance values (see key). Macrofossil records: (a) = fern annulus (P. vulgare-type and an unidentified type recorded) and (s) = seed. Ash values, 14C dates, and calibrated ages (to nearest 10 y) based on MC dates and assuming a linear accumulation rate between the dated points, are indicated (see also the text).
Figure 13. Percentage pollen profile DYR VIIc, Derryinver (drawn to depth scale). Histograms, filled and non-filled, are drawn to either standard and magnified x-scales (x10 and x20, respectively). A few minor pollen taxa are omitted. Remains recorded in sievings of pollen samples are indicated by circles the size of which reflect abundance values (see key). Macrofossil records: (a) = fern annulus (P. vulgare-type and an unidentified type recorded) and (s) = seed. Ash values, 14C dates, and calibrated ages (to nearest 10 y) based on MC dates and assuming a linear accumulation rate between the dated points, are indicated (see also the text).
Figure 15. Percentage pollen diagrams (peat/mineral soil profiles; selected curves) from a west-east transect, north central Connemara, plotted to a time scale (c. 6.2 ka to recent). In the case of low values, a x 10 magnified x-axis scale is used, and histograms are not filled. In profile CNR I, the basal spectrum is shown by positioning it higher than its age requires. In FRK II, Corylus and Myrica pollen are combined in a single curve; the individual contributions of these taxa are indicated in the case of two spectra within the LIAL. The uppermost sample from Ballydoo Bog consists of average values from the four surface pollen samples. Key features in each profile are indicated (see key to signatures and the text). A question mark indicates that the event is poorly defined in the pollen record.
Figure 15. Percentage pollen diagrams (peat/mineral soil profiles; selected curves) from a west-east transect, north central Connemara, plotted to a time scale (c. 6.2 ka to recent). In the case of low values, a x 10 magnified x-axis scale is used, and histograms are not filled. In profile CNR I, the basal spectrum is shown by positioning it higher than its age requires. In FRK II, Corylus and Myrica pollen are combined in a single curve; the individual contributions of these taxa are indicated in the case of two spectra within the LIAL. The uppermost sample from Ballydoo Bog consists of average values from the four surface pollen samples. Key features in each profile are indicated (see key to signatures and the text). A question mark indicates that the event is poorly defined in the pollen record.
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