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Table | : Higher heating value, chemical exergy, and exergy grade function for different fuels (at 25°C and | atm) [8, 10, 19, 30]. 3.2. Energy and Exergy Efficiencies Energy efficiency (first law efficiency) is the ratio of energy contained in useful products of a process to energy contained in all input streams, while exergy efficiency (second law efficiency) is the ratio of exergy contained in the useful product to the exergy contained in all input streams. Energy efficiency (77) and exergy efficiency (W ) are defined as:

Table 1 | : Higher heating value, chemical exergy, and exergy grade function for different fuels (at 25°C and | atm) [8, 10, 19, 30]. 3.2. Energy and Exergy Efficiencies Energy efficiency (first law efficiency) is the ratio of energy contained in useful products of a process to energy contained in all input streams, while exergy efficiency (second law efficiency) is the ratio of exergy contained in the useful product to the exergy contained in all input streams. Energy efficiency (77) and exergy efficiency (W ) are defined as:

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Figure | : Generated electrical energy in Jordan by type of generation in 2006. four power plants: Aqaba thermal, Hussein thermal, Risha, and Rehab with total productions of 3740, 1602, 657, and 2435 GWh, respectively. Before 2003, heavy fuel oil (HFO) was the dominant fuel used in the power sub-sector because the two main power stations, Aqaba and Hussein, are conventional thermal plants employing Rankine steam cycle; and are fired by such an inexpensive fuel. However, since 2003, imported natural gas from Egypt replaced HFO in Aqaba power station. In early 2006 diesel fuel at Rehab and Samrah power plants were replaced. In 2006, about 80.1% and 19.3% of the total electricity generated was produced using NG and HFO, respectively. While diesel fuel share dropped to less than 1% due to its substitution by natural gas in Rehab and Samrah power stations. Electricity harnessed via renewable sources like hydropower and wind accounted for only a negligible percentage of the total electricity generated (CEGCO, 2007). The dominant role of steam turbines, diesel-fuel fired gas-turbines, and combined cycle power plants is eading to increased dependence on imported natural gas and oil. Less than 8% of the electrical-power generation, at present in Jordan, arises from the exploitation of the indigenous domestic natural gas from the Risha field.
Figure | : Generated electrical energy in Jordan by type of generation in 2006. four power plants: Aqaba thermal, Hussein thermal, Risha, and Rehab with total productions of 3740, 1602, 657, and 2435 GWh, respectively. Before 2003, heavy fuel oil (HFO) was the dominant fuel used in the power sub-sector because the two main power stations, Aqaba and Hussein, are conventional thermal plants employing Rankine steam cycle; and are fired by such an inexpensive fuel. However, since 2003, imported natural gas from Egypt replaced HFO in Aqaba power station. In early 2006 diesel fuel at Rehab and Samrah power plants were replaced. In 2006, about 80.1% and 19.3% of the total electricity generated was produced using NG and HFO, respectively. While diesel fuel share dropped to less than 1% due to its substitution by natural gas in Rehab and Samrah power stations. Electricity harnessed via renewable sources like hydropower and wind accounted for only a negligible percentage of the total electricity generated (CEGCO, 2007). The dominant role of steam turbines, diesel-fuel fired gas-turbines, and combined cycle power plants is eading to increased dependence on imported natural gas and oil. Less than 8% of the electrical-power generation, at present in Jordan, arises from the exploitation of the indigenous domestic natural gas from the Risha field.
Figure 2 : An illustrative presentation of electricity production in Jordan. Therefore, exergy efficiency for electricity generation mrocess can be taken as equivalent to the corresponding nergy efficiency [32]. As stated previously, electricity is mainly produced by means of thermal power plants in addition to small portions produced by using available renewable sources. Figure 2 shows an illustrative presentation of electricity production in Jordan. In order to simplify the analysis of energy and exergy efficiencies for this sector, energy consumption and electric production flows are analyzed for four power plants namely steam, combined cycle, gas
Figure 2 : An illustrative presentation of electricity production in Jordan. Therefore, exergy efficiency for electricity generation mrocess can be taken as equivalent to the corresponding nergy efficiency [32]. As stated previously, electricity is mainly produced by means of thermal power plants in addition to small portions produced by using available renewable sources. Figure 2 shows an illustrative presentation of electricity production in Jordan. In order to simplify the analysis of energy and exergy efficiencies for this sector, energy consumption and electric production flows are analyzed for four power plants namely steam, combined cycle, gas
Table 2: Primary energy consumption according to type of generator during the period 1989-2006 (1000 toe). Table 3: Electricity generation according to type of generator being employed during 1989-2006 (GWh).
Table 2: Primary energy consumption according to type of generator during the period 1989-2006 (1000 toe). Table 3: Electricity generation according to type of generator being employed during 1989-2006 (GWh).
Table 4: Calculated energy and exergy efficiencies during 1989- 2006 (%).
Table 4: Calculated energy and exergy efficiencies during 1989- 2006 (%).
Figure 4 : Energy and exergy efficiencies of power plants of the utility sector in Jordan for the year 2006. For comparison purposes, energy and _ exergy efficiencies for main generating plants for year 2006 are indicated in Figure 4. It is obvious that combined cycle units have the highest values. This should attract the attention of planners and policy makers to upgrade all existing power plants based on gas turbines to operate as combined cycle in the near future. Moreover, future expansion in power generation projects should be limited to combined cycle plants, especially when fired with natural gas. Such trend has the extra advantage of reducing total gaseous emissions, including greenhouse gases from the power sub-sector [35].
Figure 4 : Energy and exergy efficiencies of power plants of the utility sector in Jordan for the year 2006. For comparison purposes, energy and _ exergy efficiencies for main generating plants for year 2006 are indicated in Figure 4. It is obvious that combined cycle units have the highest values. This should attract the attention of planners and policy makers to upgrade all existing power plants based on gas turbines to operate as combined cycle in the near future. Moreover, future expansion in power generation projects should be limited to combined cycle plants, especially when fired with natural gas. Such trend has the extra advantage of reducing total gaseous emissions, including greenhouse gases from the power sub-sector [35].
Figure 3 : Comparison of energy and exergy efficiencies of the utility sector of Jordan with other countries for the year 2000.
Figure 3 : Comparison of energy and exergy efficiencies of the utility sector of Jordan with other countries for the year 2000.
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