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shot from that azimuth (figure 5.12.5). For 12ga, only 3 shots were observed. For S2, the prediction was higher. For that pressure value at M4 was observed at S9 in spite the fact that it was the largest distant

Figure 5 shot from that azimuth (figure 5.12.5). For 12ga, only 3 shots were observed. For S2, the prediction was higher. For that pressure value at M4 was observed at S9 in spite the fact that it was the largest distant

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other features, the study of shock waves is crucial for forensic gunshot analysis (Maher,
other features, the study of shock waves is crucial for forensic gunshot analysis (Maher,
Figure 2.1.2: Pressure variation due to firing from Winchester rifle with 0.308 caliber. Microphone was nearly located at 3 m distance at the line of fire and at a height 3m above the ground
Figure 2.1.2: Pressure variation due to firing from Winchester rifle with 0.308 caliber. Microphone was nearly located at 3 m distance at the line of fire and at a height 3m above the ground
Figure 2.2.1: Path length difference in between the direct and the ground reflected wave (Beck et al. 2011) Beck, Nakasone, and Marr showed that the calculation for the direct and indirect
Figure 2.2.1: Path length difference in between the direct and the ground reflected wave (Beck et al. 2011) Beck, Nakasone, and Marr showed that the calculation for the direct and indirect
Figure 2.2.2: Quasi-anechoic Gunshot Capturing Model If the velocity of sound is c, then the time difference between direct and indirect wave
Figure 2.2.2: Quasi-anechoic Gunshot Capturing Model If the velocity of sound is c, then the time difference between direct and indirect wave
Figure 2.3.1: Ideal blast wave proposed by Baker (Baker 1973) Thus the positive and negative impulses were defined as
Figure 2.3.1: Ideal blast wave proposed by Baker (Baker 1973) Thus the positive and negative impulses were defined as
Figure 2.4.1: Total energy calculation of a transient sound energy source Where, p(t)= sound pressure; u(t) = atmospheric particle velocity In far field region, u(t) can be expressed as
Figure 2.4.1: Total energy calculation of a transient sound energy source Where, p(t)= sound pressure; u(t) = atmospheric particle velocity In far field region, u(t) can be expressed as
pressure spike and other waveform details.
pressure spike and other waveform details.
Figure 2.6.1: Friedlander assumption for describing muzzle blast shock wave characteristics (Hamernik & Hsueh 1991) into two parts, the ascending portion and the descending portion (Hamernik & Hsueh pressure stays below the mean value). The positive pressure interval can also be divided signal mean level) accompanied by an interval of negative down-pressure (sound
Figure 2.6.1: Friedlander assumption for describing muzzle blast shock wave characteristics (Hamernik & Hsueh 1991) into two parts, the ascending portion and the descending portion (Hamernik & Hsueh pressure stays below the mean value). The positive pressure interval can also be divided signal mean level) accompanied by an interval of negative down-pressure (sound
Table 1: Microphone angular position relative to the line of fire
Table 1: Microphone angular position relative to the line of fire
Table 2: Measured sensitivities of twelve G.R.A.S. 40DP microphones
Table 2: Measured sensitivities of twelve G.R.A.S. 40DP microphones
Then in geometric form, where, 7; ; is the time difference of various signals arriving at the receivers at different times. X was substituted in the above equation to get an equation in a quadratic form, the values (x,y). These values had several possible outcomes.
Then in geometric form, where, 7; ; is the time difference of various signals arriving at the receivers at different times. X was substituted in the above equation to get an equation in a quadratic form, the values (x,y). These values had several possible outcomes.
Figure 3.6.1: Spherical spill-over of gun blast energy shown in figure 3.6.1, the total energy calculation would be three dimensional. If we consider energy from a blast supposed to be spill over in a spherical manner as
Figure 3.6.1: Spherical spill-over of gun blast energy shown in figure 3.6.1, the total energy calculation would be three dimensional. If we consider energy from a blast supposed to be spill over in a spherical manner as
Sampling Frequency of 20000 Hz Sampling Frequency of 15000 Hz Figure 3.8.1: Magnitude response of filter having a cutoff nearly at 7.5 KHz
Sampling Frequency of 20000 Hz Sampling Frequency of 15000 Hz Figure 3.8.1: Magnitude response of filter having a cutoff nearly at 7.5 KHz
Figure 3.8.2: Magnitude response of filter having a cutoff nearly at 10 KHz
Figure 3.8.2: Magnitude response of filter having a cutoff nearly at 10 KHz
Figure 4.1.2: 230gr Remington Golden Sabre HPJ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unNZaBO0pL4Q) cartridges with hollow point bullets.
Figure 4.1.2: 230gr Remington Golden Sabre HPJ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unNZaBO0pL4Q) cartridges with hollow point bullets.
a design by John Browning from the early 20" century. In this experiment, the pistol was
a design by John Browning from the early 20" century. In this experiment, the pistol was
energy variation for successive shots.
energy variation for successive shots.
Figure 4.2.1: Glock 19 pistol (www.bayoushooter.com) ammunition.
Figure 4.2.1: Glock 19 pistol (www.bayoushooter.com) ammunition.
Figure 4.2.2: 135gr Hornady 9 mm critical duty FlexLock® bullets (www.luckygunners.com) bullets.
Figure 4.2.2: 135gr Hornady 9 mm critical duty FlexLock® bullets (www.luckygunners.com) bullets.
Figure 4.2.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from Glock 19/135 JHP Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Glock 19/135 JHP is shown in figure 4.2.4. Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Glock 19/135 JHP is shown in figure 4.2.:
Figure 4.2.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from Glock 19/135 JHP Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Glock 19/135 JHP is shown in figure 4.2.4. Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Glock 19/135 JHP is shown in figure 4.2.:
shown in figure 4.2.7.
shown in figure 4.2.7.
accommodates the 40S&W cartridge with a different magazine, barrel, slide, and ejector. In this experiment, Glock 23 was fired with 165 gr Remington golden saber bullets. The Glock 23 is identical to the Glock 19, except for the fact that it
accommodates the 40S&W cartridge with a different magazine, barrel, slide, and ejector. In this experiment, Glock 23 was fired with 165 gr Remington golden saber bullets. The Glock 23 is identical to the Glock 19, except for the fact that it
Figure 4.3.2: 0.40 caliber (Smith & Wesson) bullets for Glock 23 pistol (165 gr Golden Saber JHP)
Figure 4.3.2: 0.40 caliber (Smith & Wesson) bullets for Glock 23 pistol (165 gr Golden Saber JHP)
Table 9: Features of 165 gr Golden Saber JHP Bullets
Table 9: Features of 165 gr Golden Saber JHP Bullets
variations in muzzle peak pressure is observed for consecutive shots.
variations in muzzle peak pressure is observed for consecutive shots.
Figure 4.3.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from Glock 23 pistol Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Glock 23 is shown in figure 4.3.4.
Figure 4.3.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from Glock 23 pistol Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Glock 23 is shown in figure 4.3.4.
4.4.1Muzzle Blast Peak Pressure of Sig 239 with 125 er Winchester Bullet:
4.4.1Muzzle Blast Peak Pressure of Sig 239 with 125 er Winchester Bullet:
that for consecutive shots, there are variations in the muzzle blast peak pressure.
that for consecutive shots, there are variations in the muzzle blast peak pressure.
Figure 4.4.7: Shot to shot total energy variation for Sig 239 shot consistency in terms of total acoustic energy emission (figure 4.4.7).
Figure 4.4.7: Shot to shot total energy variation for Sig 239 shot consistency in terms of total acoustic energy emission (figure 4.4.7).
Figure 4.5.1: Surgeon CSR .308 Winchester rifle (Surgeon rifles) effective range given by the Army for 308 matches is 800m (figure 4.5.1).
Figure 4.5.1: Surgeon CSR .308 Winchester rifle (Surgeon rifles) effective range given by the Army for 308 matches is 800m (figure 4.5.1).
Figure 4.5.2: 175 gr Sierra MATCHKING® 0.308 caliber bullet (www.luckygunners.com)
Figure 4.5.2: 175 gr Sierra MATCHKING® 0.308 caliber bullet (www.luckygunners.com)
Figure 4.5.7: Shot to shot total energy variation for Winchester 0.308 caliber bullets (shown in figure 4.5.7). For successive shots, the energy value varies from 1212 Joule to
Figure 4.5.7: Shot to shot total energy variation for Winchester 0.308 caliber bullets (shown in figure 4.5.7). For successive shots, the energy value varies from 1212 Joule to
Figure 4.6.2: 62 grain 5.56 NATO Lake City 2014 bullets (www.luckygunners.com) Table 12: Features of 62 Grain NATO Lake City Bullets
Figure 4.6.2: 62 grain 5.56 NATO Lake City 2014 bullets (www.luckygunners.com) Table 12: Features of 62 Grain NATO Lake City Bullets
Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Winchester 308 rifle is shown in figure
Position of the firearm during 10 shots of Winchester 308 rifle is shown in figure
Figure 4.6.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from ARI5 rifle
Figure 4.6.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from ARI5 rifle
Figure 4.6.7: Shot to shot total energy variation for ARI5 highest was for S8 (1224 joule), as seen from figure 4.6.7.
Figure 4.6.7: Shot to shot total energy variation for ARI5 highest was for S8 (1224 joule), as seen from figure 4.6.7.
Figure 4.7.2 : Fiocchi Ammunition 22 Long Rifle 40 Grain FLRN(www.midwayusa.com) a flat head round nose (FLRN) configuration (figure 4.7.2).
Figure 4.7.2 : Fiocchi Ammunition 22 Long Rifle 40 Grain FLRN(www.midwayusa.com) a flat head round nose (FLRN) configuration (figure 4.7.2).
4.7.1Muzzle Blast Peak Pressure Table 13: Features of 40 gr 0.22 caliber long rifle
4.7.1Muzzle Blast Peak Pressure Table 13: Features of 40 gr 0.22 caliber long rifle
Figure 4.7.3: Muzzle blast peak pressure at 3 meters for the 0.22 caliber long rifle muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (10 shots) figure 4.7.3.
Figure 4.7.3: Muzzle blast peak pressure at 3 meters for the 0.22 caliber long rifle muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (10 shots) figure 4.7.3.
figure 4.7.4.
figure 4.7.4.
Figure 4.7.5: Shot to shot Muzzle blast duration variation for 0.22 LR (unfiltered)
Figure 4.7.5: Shot to shot Muzzle blast duration variation for 0.22 LR (unfiltered)
Figure 4.7.6: Shot to shot energy variation for 0.22 long rifles shot variation is shown in figure 4.7.6.
Figure 4.7.6: Shot to shot energy variation for 0.22 long rifles shot variation is shown in figure 4.7.6.
Table 14: Features of 125 gr Silvertip bullets
Table 14: Features of 125 gr Silvertip bullets
Figure 4.9.1: Ruger SP 101 with .357 Magnum (Chris Baker) [he acoustical characteristics of Ruger SP101, fired with 357 magnums are
Figure 4.9.1: Ruger SP 101 with .357 Magnum (Chris Baker) [he acoustical characteristics of Ruger SP101, fired with 357 magnums are
Figure 4.9.2: 0.357 inch jacketed flat/soft point bullet (www.luckygunners.com)
Figure 4.9.2: 0.357 inch jacketed flat/soft point bullet (www.luckygunners.com)
ammunition. From figure 4.9.4 we observe that there are variations in the muzzle blast
ammunition. From figure 4.9.4 we observe that there are variations in the muzzle blast
Figure 4.9.3: Outlook difference between 38 special and 357 magnums (www.usacarry.com) Table 15: Features of 158 grain JSP bullets
Figure 4.9.3: Outlook difference between 38 special and 357 magnums (www.usacarry.com) Table 15: Features of 158 grain JSP bullets
Figure 4.10.1: Remington 870 (www.remington.com)
Figure 4.10.1: Remington 870 (www.remington.com)
Figure 4.10.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from 12ga 00 buckshots figure 4.2.4.
Figure 4.10.4: TDOA based position of the muzzle for ten successive shots from 12ga 00 buckshots figure 4.2.4.
Figure 4.11.1: Azimuthal variation of correlation factor for 10 shots of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) (compare to $1, M1) reference signal with successive shots. Figure 4.11.1 shows the variation of the correlation factors compared with the
Figure 4.11.1: Azimuthal variation of correlation factor for 10 shots of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) (compare to $1, M1) reference signal with successive shots. Figure 4.11.1 shows the variation of the correlation factors compared with the
Figure 4.11.3: Successive shot variation of correlation factor at M1 of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) lowest correlation was observed for S8. observe that there is variation from one shot to the other, as seen in figure 4.11.3. The
Figure 4.11.3: Successive shot variation of correlation factor at M1 of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) lowest correlation was observed for S8. observe that there is variation from one shot to the other, as seen in figure 4.11.3. The
Figure 4.11.4: Variation of correlation factor of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) with other pistols
Figure 4.11.4: Variation of correlation factor of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) with other pistols
Figure 4.11.5: Variation of correlation factor of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) with rifles
Figure 4.11.5: Variation of correlation factor of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) with rifles
Figure 4.12.6: Muzzle blast portion of Winchester 0.308 caliber: S1: M1 for different sampling rates
Figure 4.12.6: Muzzle blast portion of Winchester 0.308 caliber: S1: M1 for different sampling rates
Figure 4.12.12: Muzzle blast portion of 12ga Shotgun: $1: M1 for different sampling rate
Figure 4.12.12: Muzzle blast portion of 12ga Shotgun: $1: M1 for different sampling rate
Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) is depicted in figure
Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) is depicted in figure
Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Glock 23 is depicted in figure 4.13.3.
Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Glock 23 is depicted in figure 4.13.3.
Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Glock 23 is depicted in figure 4.13.4.
Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Glock 23 is depicted in figure 4.13.4.
Figure 4.13.4: Peak pressure prediction at M4 positions for Glock 19/135 JHP (for 10 shots)
Figure 4.13.4: Peak pressure prediction at M4 positions for Glock 19/135 JHP (for 10 shots)
(figure 4.13.5). The largest error was for S1 (845 Pa).
(figure 4.13.5). The largest error was for S1 (845 Pa).
Figure 4.13.6: Peak pressure prediction at M4 positions for Ruger SP101-38 (for 9 shots) 4.13.6.
Figure 4.13.6: Peak pressure prediction at M4 positions for Ruger SP101-38 (for 9 shots) 4.13.6.
Figure 4.13.7: Peak pressure prediction at M4 positions for Ruger SP101-357 (for 10 shots)
Figure 4.13.7: Peak pressure prediction at M4 positions for Ruger SP101-357 (for 10 shots)
Figure 4.13.8: Peak pressure prediction at M4 position for Sig 239-357 (for 10 shots) Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Sig 239-357 is depicted in figure 4.13.8 Peak pressure prediction at M4 for 12ga shotgun is depicted in figure 4.13.9.
Figure 4.13.8: Peak pressure prediction at M4 position for Sig 239-357 (for 10 shots) Peak pressure prediction at M4 for Sig 239-357 is depicted in figure 4.13.8 Peak pressure prediction at M4 for 12ga shotgun is depicted in figure 4.13.9.
located. So positioning may or may not be the reason for these errors.
located. So positioning may or may not be the reason for these errors.
Figure 4.14.1: Power relationship between bullet mass and muzzle peak pressure
Figure 4.14.1: Power relationship between bullet mass and muzzle peak pressure
Figure 4.14.2: Relationship between bullet diameter and muzzle peak pressure (using exponential relationship) pressure is shown in figure 4.14.2 and 4.14.3.
Figure 4.14.2: Relationship between bullet diameter and muzzle peak pressure (using exponential relationship) pressure is shown in figure 4.14.2 and 4.14.3.
figure 4.14.5.
figure 4.14.5.
firearms is shown in figure 4.14.6
firearms is shown in figure 4.14.6
at different azimuths for Colt (45 JHP). deduct that shots that were closer to the microphone always create higher pressure values
at different azimuths for Colt (45 JHP). deduct that shots that were closer to the microphone always create higher pressure values
Figure 5.1.3: Peak pressure variations at M 1 & M 2 for Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) (10 shots) (figure 5.1.4).
Figure 5.1.3: Peak pressure variations at M 1 & M 2 for Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) (10 shots) (figure 5.1.4).
Figure 5.1.6: Distance of the firearms from M3 and M4 for Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) (10 shots)
Figure 5.1.6: Distance of the firearms from M3 and M4 for Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) (10 shots)
Figure 5.1.7: Muzzle blast segments of different shots recorded at M2 using waveform observation method
Figure 5.1.7: Muzzle blast segments of different shots recorded at M2 using waveform observation method
Figure 5.2.1: Peak pressure variation at M2 for 10 consecutive shots sampling rate was not an issue for such discrepancy in Glock 19/135 JHP.
Figure 5.2.1: Peak pressure variation at M2 for 10 consecutive shots sampling rate was not an issue for such discrepancy in Glock 19/135 JHP.
Figure 5.2.2: Re-sampled (5 MHz) muzzle blast peak pressures at 3 meter distance for Glock 19/135 JHP as a function of azimuth (10 shots)
Figure 5.2.2: Re-sampled (5 MHz) muzzle blast peak pressures at 3 meter distance for Glock 19/135 JHP as a function of azimuth (10 shots)
Figure 5.2.4: Muzzle blast duration variation at M2 from successive shots of Glock 19/135 JHP (waveform observation)
Figure 5.2.4: Muzzle blast duration variation at M2 from successive shots of Glock 19/135 JHP (waveform observation)
Figure 5.2.6: Muzzle blast duration variation for several shots at M2 for Glock 19/135 JHP
Figure 5.2.6: Muzzle blast duration variation for several shots at M2 for Glock 19/135 JHP
Figure 5.3.2: M3 and M4 peak pressure variation for Glock 23 (for 10 shots)
Figure 5.3.2: M3 and M4 peak pressure variation for Glock 23 (for 10 shots)
Figure 5.3.3: Re- sampled M3 and M4 peak pressure variation for Glock 23 (for 10 shots)
Figure 5.3.3: Re- sampled M3 and M4 peak pressure variation for Glock 23 (for 10 shots)
Figure 5.3.4: Distance from the firearm to M3 and M4 for different shots
Figure 5.3.4: Distance from the firearm to M3 and M4 for different shots
Figure 5.3.5: Distances from the position of the firearm to M2 for different shots
Figure 5.3.5: Distances from the position of the firearm to M2 for different shots
voltage later than S1 (0.894 ms) and S3 (0.894 ms). This variation may be a result of the introduction of external disturbances. The 5.3.6, for S2 (blast duration 1.216 ms), the muzzle blast segment returns to the base
voltage later than S1 (0.894 ms) and S3 (0.894 ms). This variation may be a result of the introduction of external disturbances. The 5.3.6, for S2 (blast duration 1.216 ms), the muzzle blast segment returns to the base
Figure 5.4.1: Re-sampled peak pressure for the Sig 239 muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (10 shots) particular azimuths.
Figure 5.4.1: Re-sampled peak pressure for the Sig 239 muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (10 shots) particular azimuths.
Figure 5.4.2: Peak pressure variation at M1 for Sig 239 after resampling
Figure 5.4.2: Peak pressure variation at M1 for Sig 239 after resampling
If the positions of the firearm were not the same for different shots at those azimuths, it
If the positions of the firearm were not the same for different shots at those azimuths, it
Figure 5.4.4: Distance of the firearm from M1 at different shots of Sig 239
Figure 5.4.4: Distance of the firearm from M1 at different shots of Sig 239
Figure 5.4.5: Distance of the firearm from M5 at different shots of Sig 239
Figure 5.4.5: Distance of the firearm from M5 at different shots of Sig 239
Figure 5.4.6: Azimuthal muzzle blast variations for S1 of sig 239 at M2 and M3
Figure 5.4.6: Azimuthal muzzle blast variations for S1 of sig 239 at M2 and M3
Figure 5.5.2: Re- sampled peak pressure at 3 meters for the Winchester 0.308 caliber muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (10 shots) sample rate can actually answer this low peak pressure (figure 5.5.2). pressures. We have resampled the pressure waves (5 MHz) to observe whether higher
Figure 5.5.2: Re- sampled peak pressure at 3 meters for the Winchester 0.308 caliber muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (10 shots) sample rate can actually answer this low peak pressure (figure 5.5.2). pressures. We have resampled the pressure waves (5 MHz) to observe whether higher
found to be 1.672 ms, 1.614 ms and 1.141ms.
found to be 1.672 ms, 1.614 ms and 1.141ms.
One of the reasons may be the sampling rates; lower sampling rate may cause
One of the reasons may be the sampling rates; lower sampling rate may cause
Figure 5.6.6: Radial distance from the firearm to M2 for 10 shots
Figure 5.6.6: Radial distance from the firearm to M2 for 10 shots
Figure 5.7.1: Difference between rim fire and centerfire bullet (Blackstone Shooting Sports) muzzle pressure compare to centerfire (Blackstone Shooting Sports) .
Figure 5.7.1: Difference between rim fire and centerfire bullet (Blackstone Shooting Sports) muzzle pressure compare to centerfire (Blackstone Shooting Sports) .
Figure 5.7.2: Muzzle blast peak pressure variation at M4 for 10 shots with 0.22 LR the pressure level varies from 1206 pa for S1 to 887 Pa for S4 as seen in figure 5.7.2.
Figure 5.7.2: Muzzle blast peak pressure variation at M4 for 10 shots with 0.22 LR the pressure level varies from 1206 pa for S1 to 887 Pa for S4 as seen in figure 5.7.2.
For the resampled version, the pressure variations do not change a lot. As seen from
For the resampled version, the pressure variations do not change a lot. As seen from
Figure 5.7.5: Radial distances of M4 from the position of the firearm for 5 different shots
Figure 5.7.5: Radial distances of M4 from the position of the firearm for 5 different shots
Again, to capture the small duration muzzle blast variation, peak pressure waves were
Again, to capture the small duration muzzle blast variation, peak pressure waves were
for the resampled version (figure 5.8.4 and 5.8.5). As seen from the figures, the scenario for the variation has not changed much. So, sample
for the resampled version (figure 5.8.4 and 5.8.5). As seen from the figures, the scenario for the variation has not changed much. So, sample
Figure 5.8.7: Firearm distances at several azimuths for $1
Figure 5.8.7: Firearm distances at several azimuths for $1
Figure 5.9.7: Distance from the position of the firearm at different microphones S1
Figure 5.9.7: Distance from the position of the firearm at different microphones S1
We have considered a resampled version of the pressure wave to have a closer look at
We have considered a resampled version of the pressure wave to have a closer look at
Figure 5.10.2: Re-sampled (5 MHz) peak pressure for 12ga muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (3 shots) version as seen from figure 5.10.3.
Figure 5.10.2: Re-sampled (5 MHz) peak pressure for 12ga muzzle blast as a function of azimuth (3 shots) version as seen from figure 5.10.3.
For the resampled version, again it is observed that, the pressure at M3 varies from one
For the resampled version, again it is observed that, the pressure at M3 varies from one
Figure 5.10.4: Distances from the position of the firearm to M3 and M4 for several shots of 12ga shot to the other.
Figure 5.10.4: Distances from the position of the firearm to M3 and M4 for several shots of 12ga shot to the other.
Muzzle blast duration 5.08 ms).
Muzzle blast duration 5.08 ms).
respectively) For M4, the duration also varies from one shot to other as shown in figure 5.10.7. In this
respectively) For M4, the duration also varies from one shot to other as shown in figure 5.10.7. In this
Figure 5.11.1: Variation of muzzle blast waveform at M1 for two different shots of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) dissimilarity causes a lower value of correlation factor.
Figure 5.11.1: Variation of muzzle blast waveform at M1 for two different shots of Colt 1911A1 (45 ACP) dissimilarity causes a lower value of correlation factor.
was more than one peak at the peak pressure region for Sig 239; as seen in figure 5.11.2.
was more than one peak at the peak pressure region for Sig 239; as seen in figure 5.11.2.
shot, so the positioning cannot be the reason behind that.
shot, so the positioning cannot be the reason behind that.
For both of these shots, distances from M4 to firearm were neither the highest nor the
For both of these shots, distances from M4 to firearm were neither the highest nor the
lowest. S10 was one of the farthest shots from the firearm for M4, but generates a high
lowest. S10 was one of the farthest shots from the firearm for M4, but generates a high
displacement data (figure 5.12.6), it is not proven that the shot was the most distant shot
displacement data (figure 5.12.6), it is not proven that the shot was the most distant shot
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