Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 1 – uploaded by Christopher Jackson

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
Fig. 1. Occurrence of sediment remobilization and fluid flow case studies from this volume and selected examples world wide. Numbe: refer to the article number in Table 1 (mud volcanoes only). Sandstone intrusion studies in this volume are focused in the North Sea, although two studies focus on southwestern USA outcrop examples. The studies on fluid flow pipes included herein focus on the Norwegian and Namibian margins, respectively.

Figure 1 Occurrence of sediment remobilization and fluid flow case studies from this volume and selected examples world wide. Numbe: refer to the article number in Table 1 (mud volcanoes only). Sandstone intrusion studies in this volume are focused in the North Sea, although two studies focus on southwestern USA outcrop examples. The studies on fluid flow pipes included herein focus on the Norwegian and Namibian margins, respectively.

Related Figures (7)

Table 1. Characteristics of sediment remobilization and fluid flow phenomena reported in this volume
Table 1. Characteristics of sediment remobilization and fluid flow phenomena reported in this volume
Fig. 2. Reflection seismic images of mature (a) and immature (b) mud volcanoes and fluid flow pipe (c). (a) Stacked mud volcano edifices offshore Barbados (DeVille et a/., 2010). (b) Single- event (buried) mud volcano on the Voring Plateau, offshore mid Norway (Hansen e¢al., 2005). (c) Fluid expulsion pipe offshore Namibia (Moss & Cartwright, 2010). All images represented at approximately 4 x vertical exaggeration. The scale of images (b) and (c) represented by blue rectangle on (a). The pipe (Cc) appears similar in dimensions and characteristics to the single-event mud volcano feeder (b), perhaps suggesting a progressive evolution from fluid to fluid and sediment expulsion. Similarly, the multi-event mud volcano edifice shows a central noise ‘chimney’ of similar dimensions to the entire mud volcano extent in (b). Whereas the mud volcano edifices can be linked to deeper focus points of structural origin, the pipes represented by the example in (©) appear to lack any relation to deeper focal points (cf. Moss & Cartwright, 2010). An extrapolation of these examples (and others in this volume: Calves et a/., 2010; Hustoft et a/., 2010; Reilly & Flemings, 2010; Roberts et a/., 2010) could suggest that mud volcanoes develop from pipes in cases where a deeper focus point provides sustained fluid supply allowing the entrainment of sediment and fluid—sediment expulsion at the surface. All the images highlight the conundrum of interpreting fluid- flow related phenomena in seismic data: near-surface fluid effects (typically related to gas) may obscure the deeper section vertically beneath, giving the impression of a deep root, which often cannot be resolved with confidence.
Fig. 2. Reflection seismic images of mature (a) and immature (b) mud volcanoes and fluid flow pipe (c). (a) Stacked mud volcano edifices offshore Barbados (DeVille et a/., 2010). (b) Single- event (buried) mud volcano on the Voring Plateau, offshore mid Norway (Hansen e¢al., 2005). (c) Fluid expulsion pipe offshore Namibia (Moss & Cartwright, 2010). All images represented at approximately 4 x vertical exaggeration. The scale of images (b) and (c) represented by blue rectangle on (a). The pipe (Cc) appears similar in dimensions and characteristics to the single-event mud volcano feeder (b), perhaps suggesting a progressive evolution from fluid to fluid and sediment expulsion. Similarly, the multi-event mud volcano edifice shows a central noise ‘chimney’ of similar dimensions to the entire mud volcano extent in (b). Whereas the mud volcano edifices can be linked to deeper focus points of structural origin, the pipes represented by the example in (©) appear to lack any relation to deeper focal points (cf. Moss & Cartwright, 2010). An extrapolation of these examples (and others in this volume: Calves et a/., 2010; Hustoft et a/., 2010; Reilly & Flemings, 2010; Roberts et a/., 2010) could suggest that mud volcanoes develop from pipes in cases where a deeper focus point provides sustained fluid supply allowing the entrainment of sediment and fluid—sediment expulsion at the surface. All the images highlight the conundrum of interpreting fluid- flow related phenomena in seismic data: near-surface fluid effects (typically related to gas) may obscure the deeper section vertically beneath, giving the impression of a deep root, which often cannot be resolved with confidence.
me ia a a am Journal Compilation © Blackwell Publishing Ltd, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers and International Association of Sedimentologists 34s Fluid velocities leading to fluidization may be upward from a few decimetres per second (Duranti & Hurst, 2004; Gallo & Woods, 2004; Shoulders, 2005; Duranti, relative density and particle size are of prime importance in fluidization processes (e.g. Duranti & Hurst, 2004; Gal- lo & Woods, 2004), fluid viscosity may also play an impor- tant part through the viscosity differences between subsurface brine, low-viscosity gas/air and viscous oil (Jonk, 2010). The incorporation of several particle size fractions may lead to entrainment of larger clasts in a
me ia a a am Journal Compilation © Blackwell Publishing Ltd, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers and International Association of Sedimentologists 34s Fluid velocities leading to fluidization may be upward from a few decimetres per second (Duranti & Hurst, 2004; Gallo & Woods, 2004; Shoulders, 2005; Duranti, relative density and particle size are of prime importance in fluidization processes (e.g. Duranti & Hurst, 2004; Gal- lo & Woods, 2004), fluid viscosity may also play an impor- tant part through the viscosity differences between subsurface brine, low-viscosity gas/air and viscous oil (Jonk, 2010). The incorporation of several particle size fractions may lead to entrainment of larger clasts in a
Fig. 4. Outcrop examples of fluid flow and sediment expulsion phenomena. (a) Methane bubble in the La Brea tar seeps, Long Beach, California. Tar seeps may form extensive pitch lakes on the surface and thus provide conclusive evidence of active petroleum systems in underlying basins. (b) Mud volcano gryphon from the Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Photograph by S.R. Brantley (September 1983) (http:// volcanoes.usgs.gov/about/pglossary/MudVolcano.php). (c) Miocene seep carbonate concretions with hollow vent structures in the uppermost Santa Cruz (diatomaceous) Mudstone, exposed on coastal platform SW of Santa Cruz (CA). (d) Tar-saturated sandstone extrusion (‘extrudite’) fed by sandstone dykes, showing evidence for brittle deformation and seafloor blow out through the diatomaceous mudstones host. The extrudite contains mudstone clasts and displays bioturbation at top and base and abundant depositional structures internally. Miocene Santa Cruz Mudstone, Red White Blue Beach, Santa Cruz County (CA).
Fig. 4. Outcrop examples of fluid flow and sediment expulsion phenomena. (a) Methane bubble in the La Brea tar seeps, Long Beach, California. Tar seeps may form extensive pitch lakes on the surface and thus provide conclusive evidence of active petroleum systems in underlying basins. (b) Mud volcano gryphon from the Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Photograph by S.R. Brantley (September 1983) (http:// volcanoes.usgs.gov/about/pglossary/MudVolcano.php). (c) Miocene seep carbonate concretions with hollow vent structures in the uppermost Santa Cruz (diatomaceous) Mudstone, exposed on coastal platform SW of Santa Cruz (CA). (d) Tar-saturated sandstone extrusion (‘extrudite’) fed by sandstone dykes, showing evidence for brittle deformation and seafloor blow out through the diatomaceous mudstones host. The extrudite contains mudstone clasts and displays bioturbation at top and base and abundant depositional structures internally. Miocene Santa Cruz Mudstone, Red White Blue Beach, Santa Cruz County (CA).
Fig. 5. Diagram illustrating the typical occurrence of large-scale sediment remobilization and fluid flow phenomena on a continental margin underlain by a non-diapiric decollement horizon (e.g. mobile shale or salt). Mud volcanoes system (grey) are 90-95% extrusive and typically associated with thrust-cored anticlines at depth, and often display repeated activity. Sandstone intrusions (yellow saucers are more commonly 90—100% intrusive and found in extensional or sagging basins and often only display single-phase activity, although later phases from other parent sand bodies may be superimposed on a given intrusion complex. Fluid flow pipes (pink) may or may not have an obvious deeper focus point and may or may not be linked to pockmark craters on the seafloor or buried pockmarks. They ofter appear to have several phases of fluid flow associated with them, seen as stacked pockmarks. A bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) and underlying gas layers are indicated in white. Deep gas field occurrence indicated in red. The scale indicated is only a rough guide.
Fig. 5. Diagram illustrating the typical occurrence of large-scale sediment remobilization and fluid flow phenomena on a continental margin underlain by a non-diapiric decollement horizon (e.g. mobile shale or salt). Mud volcanoes system (grey) are 90-95% extrusive and typically associated with thrust-cored anticlines at depth, and often display repeated activity. Sandstone intrusions (yellow saucers are more commonly 90—100% intrusive and found in extensional or sagging basins and often only display single-phase activity, although later phases from other parent sand bodies may be superimposed on a given intrusion complex. Fluid flow pipes (pink) may or may not have an obvious deeper focus point and may or may not be linked to pockmark craters on the seafloor or buried pockmarks. They ofter appear to have several phases of fluid flow associated with them, seen as stacked pockmarks. A bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) and underlying gas layers are indicated in white. Deep gas field occurrence indicated in red. The scale indicated is only a rough guide.
Fig. 6. The Lusi mud volcano, East Java in July 2009, surrounded by villages within the Sidoarjo region (image courtesy of CRISP).
Fig. 6. The Lusi mud volcano, East Java in July 2009, surrounded by villages within the Sidoarjo region (image courtesy of CRISP).
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved