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Figure 1. Location map showing the west Pennine range of Anglezarke and Rivington Moor in Lancashire, North West England. The site is geographically isolated, and lies between the cities of Preston and Manchester. The eighteenth-century lead mine at Lead Mine Clough is marked(double red-square) as are the two sample sites at Anglezarke Moor (Site 1: blue circle) and Rivington Moor (Site 2: blue triangle). Both these references probably relate to the Anglezarke mining complex which is on the boundary between the two townships (Figure 1). Thus, the history of lead extraction during the historic period is characterised by intermittent organised activity interspersed by longer periods of small-scale casual exploitation.

Figure 1 Location map showing the west Pennine range of Anglezarke and Rivington Moor in Lancashire, North West England. The site is geographically isolated, and lies between the cities of Preston and Manchester. The eighteenth-century lead mine at Lead Mine Clough is marked(double red-square) as are the two sample sites at Anglezarke Moor (Site 1: blue circle) and Rivington Moor (Site 2: blue triangle). Both these references probably relate to the Anglezarke mining complex which is on the boundary between the two townships (Figure 1). Thus, the history of lead extraction during the historic period is characterised by intermittent organised activity interspersed by longer periods of small-scale casual exploitation.

Related Figures (7)

Figure 2. Lead Mines Clough, Anglezarke, Lancashire. Remains of eighteenth-century mine workings.
Figure 2. Lead Mines Clough, Anglezarke, Lancashire. Remains of eighteenth-century mine workings.
Figure 3. Lead values at 1770 cal. BC indicate extractive activity in the Early Bronze Age, with further activity in the early medieval period.
Figure 3. Lead values at 1770 cal. BC indicate extractive activity in the Early Bronze Age, with further activity in the early medieval period.
Figure 4. SIRM values at 1800 and also 1200 and 1000 cal. BC indicate human activity associated with lead extraction in the Early and later Bronze Age, with further activity dated to the early medieval period.
Figure 4. SIRM values at 1800 and also 1200 and 1000 cal. BC indicate human activity associated with lead extraction in the Early and later Bronze Age, with further activity dated to the early medieval period.
Figure 5. Comparison of analyses of Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetisation (SIRM) & Lead Assay for Site 1 in the Anglezarke Uplands, Lancashire.
Figure 5. Comparison of analyses of Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetisation (SIRM) & Lead Assay for Site 1 in the Anglezarke Uplands, Lancashire.
Figure 6. Comparison of analyses of Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetisation (SIRM) & Lead Assay foi Site 2 on Rivington Moor, Lancashire.
Figure 6. Comparison of analyses of Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetisation (SIRM) & Lead Assay foi Site 2 on Rivington Moor, Lancashire.
Figure /. Corretation Values SInM/Ledad : sites 1 and Zz. All between profile comparisons were performed with date-matched levels, omitting high surface measurements. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the Spearman Rank Correlation Coeffiicient tests both measure the amount and significance of a correlation between two variables. Pearson is a paramentric and Spearman a non-parametric test. Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetisation (SIRM) correlations were significant for Winter Hill when **P = 0.0001, and *P = 0.05.
Figure /. Corretation Values SInM/Ledad : sites 1 and Zz. All between profile comparisons were performed with date-matched levels, omitting high surface measurements. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the Spearman Rank Correlation Coeffiicient tests both measure the amount and significance of a correlation between two variables. Pearson is a paramentric and Spearman a non-parametric test. Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetisation (SIRM) correlations were significant for Winter Hill when **P = 0.0001, and *P = 0.05.
Figure 9. Crystals of galena (lead) from the Early Bronze Age site at Cliviger Laithe. Burial dated to 3455 +35, 1880-1680 cal.BC (SUERC-4436). Crystals of galena, found as accompaniments to Early Bronze Age burials in at least two graves, further confirms the exploitation of the ore deposits (Figure 9). Excavations of Collared Urn burials at Mosley Heights and Cliviger Laithe, both in the Lancashire Pennines at Burnley, were associated with galena (Barrowclough 2008, 141-2). Mosley Heights urn ‘A’ contained galena along with cremated human bone and chert, and was dated to 3490 +40, 1920-1730 cal.BC (SUERC-4431); whilst calcinate from the urn at Cliviger Laithe was dated to 3455 +35, 1880-1680 cal.BC (SUERC-4436). Both dates being contemporaneous with extractive activity on the Anglezarke and Rivington moors. Although we cannot be certain of the origin of the crystals they do establish that people in the Early Bronze Age had not only knowledge of the existence of galena, and ability to extract it, most likely from surface outcrops, but that they also considered it to be of value. Its presence in the two burials may mark the passing of those responsible for mining it, and theoretically of those whose efforts are marked in the lead and SIRM signatures found in the peats at Anglezarke and Rivington.
Figure 9. Crystals of galena (lead) from the Early Bronze Age site at Cliviger Laithe. Burial dated to 3455 +35, 1880-1680 cal.BC (SUERC-4436). Crystals of galena, found as accompaniments to Early Bronze Age burials in at least two graves, further confirms the exploitation of the ore deposits (Figure 9). Excavations of Collared Urn burials at Mosley Heights and Cliviger Laithe, both in the Lancashire Pennines at Burnley, were associated with galena (Barrowclough 2008, 141-2). Mosley Heights urn ‘A’ contained galena along with cremated human bone and chert, and was dated to 3490 +40, 1920-1730 cal.BC (SUERC-4431); whilst calcinate from the urn at Cliviger Laithe was dated to 3455 +35, 1880-1680 cal.BC (SUERC-4436). Both dates being contemporaneous with extractive activity on the Anglezarke and Rivington moors. Although we cannot be certain of the origin of the crystals they do establish that people in the Early Bronze Age had not only knowledge of the existence of galena, and ability to extract it, most likely from surface outcrops, but that they also considered it to be of value. Its presence in the two burials may mark the passing of those responsible for mining it, and theoretically of those whose efforts are marked in the lead and SIRM signatures found in the peats at Anglezarke and Rivington.
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