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Fig. 4, there have two velocities that have 0 mg/l for manganese concentration; there are 4.38 m/h and 5.04 m/h. Next, the concentration of turbidity has shown in Fig. 5. The range of the concentration for turbidity is between 0.9 NTU to 3.0 NTU. Though the high concentration of turbidity is at 3.0 NTU after filtration, it is still accepted by drinking water quality standard. The best turbidity is at velocities 1.09 m/h, 4.38 m/h and 5.04 m/h.

Figure 4 , there have two velocities that have 0 mg/l for manganese concentration; there are 4.38 m/h and 5.04 m/h. Next, the concentration of turbidity has shown in Fig. 5. The range of the concentration for turbidity is between 0.9 NTU to 3.0 NTU. Though the high concentration of turbidity is at 3.0 NTU after filtration, it is still accepted by drinking water quality standard. The best turbidity is at velocities 1.09 m/h, 4.38 m/h and 5.04 m/h.

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Table 1 - Water Quality Index (WQI) recommended by Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia [12], [13] 2. Materials and Methods
Table 1 - Water Quality Index (WQI) recommended by Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia [12], [13] 2. Materials and Methods
First steps, design of the overall system treating the groundwater which contains such a high iron and manganese as shown in Table 2. The systems consist of aeration, sedimentation, and filtration. This simple system was selected based on the effectiveness in removing iron and manganese. Both iron and manganese could be oxidized by aeration as description in Eq. (1) and Eq. (2).
First steps, design of the overall system treating the groundwater which contains such a high iron and manganese as shown in Table 2. The systems consist of aeration, sedimentation, and filtration. This simple system was selected based on the effectiveness in removing iron and manganese. Both iron and manganese could be oxidized by aeration as description in Eq. (1) and Eq. (2).
Table 2 - Raw water quality of groundwater in Kg. Budi, Kelantan
Table 2 - Raw water quality of groundwater in Kg. Budi, Kelantan
Table 3 - Typical media design values for various filters [16], [17]
Table 3 - Typical media design values for various filters [16], [17]
Table 3 — Progress of concentration of manganese, iron, and turbidity for each point.
Table 3 — Progress of concentration of manganese, iron, and turbidity for each point.
Fig. 3 - Percent removal of iron, manganese and turbidity at aeration and sedimentation Eq. (3) shows that only one mole of oxygen molecules is needed to react with four moles of Fe ions to form four moles of Fe precipitate. While Eq. (4) shows that one mole of oxygen molecules is needed to react with two moles of Mn ions to form two moles of Mn precipitate. These theoretical equations clearly confirmed that more oxygen is required for Mn ions oxidation compared with that of Fe ions [8]. Fig. 3 show the percent removal of iron, manganese and turbidity is up to 60% reduction of concentration after aeration and sedimentation. The highest removal at aeration and sedimentation is manganese that achieves 100% removal.
Fig. 3 - Percent removal of iron, manganese and turbidity at aeration and sedimentation Eq. (3) shows that only one mole of oxygen molecules is needed to react with four moles of Fe ions to form four moles of Fe precipitate. While Eq. (4) shows that one mole of oxygen molecules is needed to react with two moles of Mn ions to form two moles of Mn precipitate. These theoretical equations clearly confirmed that more oxygen is required for Mn ions oxidation compared with that of Fe ions [8]. Fig. 3 show the percent removal of iron, manganese and turbidity is up to 60% reduction of concentration after aeration and sedimentation. The highest removal at aeration and sedimentation is manganese that achieves 100% removal.
Point 1 is the raw water that was taken at Kampung Budi, Kelantan. The physical and chemical of raw water was determined in term of iron, manganese, and turbidity. The concentration of iron, manganese and turbidity from raw water was analyzed that have shown in the Error! Reference source not found. at point 1. Thus, the raw water needs to treat to reduce the concentration of iron and manganese to give a good water quality for safe consumed by the people at Kampung Budi, Kelantan.
Point 1 is the raw water that was taken at Kampung Budi, Kelantan. The physical and chemical of raw water was determined in term of iron, manganese, and turbidity. The concentration of iron, manganese and turbidity from raw water was analyzed that have shown in the Error! Reference source not found. at point 1. Thus, the raw water needs to treat to reduce the concentration of iron and manganese to give a good water quality for safe consumed by the people at Kampung Budi, Kelantan.
Fig. 5 - The concentration of turbidity after filtration
Fig. 5 - The concentration of turbidity after filtration
Finally, this study has proven that this mono-media sand filter can be an effective and economical solution to smove of iron and manganese from groundwater and achieve the standard of raw water quality which is safe and clean rater for community.
Finally, this study has proven that this mono-media sand filter can be an effective and economical solution to smove of iron and manganese from groundwater and achieve the standard of raw water quality which is safe and clean rater for community.
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