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Fig. 1. Frames from the videotape of one of the actor’s performance of the fear prototype instructions: (A) ‘‘raise your brows and pull them together,’’ (B) ‘‘now raise your upper eyelids,’’ (C) ‘‘now also stretch your lips horizontally, back toward your ears.”’ For almost a century scientists have argued about whether or not activity in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is emotion-specific. Some of the most in- fluential cognitive theories of emotion (/, We studied six target emotions (sur- prise, disgust, sadness, anger, fear, and happiness) elicited by two tasks (direct- ed facial action and relived emotion), with emotion ordering counterbalanced within tasks. During both tasks, facial behavior was recorded on videotape, and second-by-second averages were ob- tained for five physiological measures: (i) heart rate—measured with bipolar chest leads with Redux paste; (ii) left- and (iii) right-hand temperatures—mea- sured with thermistors taped to the pal- mar surface of the first phalanges of the middle finger of each hand; (iv) skin resistance—measured with Ag-AgCl electrodes with Beckman paste attached to the palmar surface of the middle pha- langes of the first and third fingers of the nondominant hand; and (v) forearm flex- or muscle tension—measured with Ag- 2) presume undifferentiated autonomic arousal despite a number of reports of emotion-specific autonomic activity (3- 5). We now report evidence of such specificity in an experiment designed to

Figure 1 Frames from the videotape of one of the actor’s performance of the fear prototype instructions: (A) ‘‘raise your brows and pull them together,’’ (B) ‘‘now raise your upper eyelids,’’ (C) ‘‘now also stretch your lips horizontally, back toward your ears.”’ For almost a century scientists have argued about whether or not activity in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is emotion-specific. Some of the most in- fluential cognitive theories of emotion (/, We studied six target emotions (sur- prise, disgust, sadness, anger, fear, and happiness) elicited by two tasks (direct- ed facial action and relived emotion), with emotion ordering counterbalanced within tasks. During both tasks, facial behavior was recorded on videotape, and second-by-second averages were ob- tained for five physiological measures: (i) heart rate—measured with bipolar chest leads with Redux paste; (ii) left- and (iii) right-hand temperatures—mea- sured with thermistors taped to the pal- mar surface of the first phalanges of the middle finger of each hand; (iv) skin resistance—measured with Ag-AgCl electrodes with Beckman paste attached to the palmar surface of the middle pha- langes of the first and third fingers of the nondominant hand; and (v) forearm flex- or muscle tension—measured with Ag- 2) presume undifferentiated autonomic arousal despite a number of reports of emotion-specific autonomic activity (3- 5). We now report evidence of such specificity in an experiment designed to

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Fig. 3. Changes in (A) heart rate and (B) right finger temperature during the directed facial action task. Values are means + standard errors. For heart rate, the changes associated with anger, fear, and sadness were all significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those for happiness, surprise, and disgust. For finger temperature, the change associated with anger was significant- ly different (P < 0.05) from that for all other emotions. In addition to these differences be- tween the negative emotions of anger and fear and the positive emotion of happiness, there were important differ- ences among negative emotions. In the There were also three negative find- ings of note. No significant differences were found between emotions on the forearm flexor measure, thus indicating that heart rate effects were not artifacts of fist clenching or other related muscle activity. No statistically significant dif- ferences were found between actors and scientists studying facial expression, in- dicating that the findings generalized to both of these populations. Finally, when the major analyses were rerun including all ANS data without regard to whether verification criteria were met, only the negative versus positive emotional dis- tinctions remained; all distinctions among negative emotions were lost. We interpret this finding as supporting the importance of verification of emotional
Fig. 3. Changes in (A) heart rate and (B) right finger temperature during the directed facial action task. Values are means + standard errors. For heart rate, the changes associated with anger, fear, and sadness were all significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those for happiness, surprise, and disgust. For finger temperature, the change associated with anger was significant- ly different (P < 0.05) from that for all other emotions. In addition to these differences be- tween the negative emotions of anger and fear and the positive emotion of happiness, there were important differ- ences among negative emotions. In the There were also three negative find- ings of note. No significant differences were found between emotions on the forearm flexor measure, thus indicating that heart rate effects were not artifacts of fist clenching or other related muscle activity. No statistically significant dif- ferences were found between actors and scientists studying facial expression, in- dicating that the findings generalized to both of these populations. Finally, when the major analyses were rerun including all ANS data without regard to whether verification criteria were met, only the negative versus positive emotional dis- tinctions remained; all distinctions among negative emotions were lost. We interpret this finding as supporting the importance of verification of emotional
Fig. 2. Decision tree for discriminating emo- tions in direction facial action task.
Fig. 2. Decision tree for discriminating emo- tions in direction facial action task.
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