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Table 4 Non-carcinogenic risks of PTMs for children and adults in the study areas

Table 4 Non-carcinogenic risks of PTMs for children and adults in the study areas

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Sample preparation and ICP-MS analysis
Sample preparation and ICP-MS analysis
Table 1 Concentration of PTMs in top soil (0-10 cm) and comparison to other studies conducted in the country
Table 1 Concentration of PTMs in top soil (0-10 cm) and comparison to other studies conducted in the country
Fig. 2. Boxplot indicating the PTMs concentrations in soil from a Abbottabad, b Haripur, ¢ Attock, and d Islamabad
Fig. 2. Boxplot indicating the PTMs concentrations in soil from a Abbottabad, b Haripur, ¢ Attock, and d Islamabad
Table 2 Contamination factor and contamination degree of PTMs in the study areas. Cr. The highly enriched element in Attock was As (8.7) followed by Sr, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Fe. In Islamabad, no element falls in the category of clean and the most enriched element was Pb (15.5) followed by As (12.3). Sr (8.7), Cd (3.0), Mn (2.0), Cu (1.9), Cr (1.7), Ni (1.6), Zn (1.2), and Fe (1.1). Similar results for Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn contamination were found in a study conducted in China, but the contamination level of As and Pb reported in the current study is much higher (Zhang et al. 2018). The mean values for NPI in four sites ranged from 2.3 to 4.9. The trend for metal contamination in these sites was Is- lamabad > Abbottabad > Attock > Haripur. The heavy metal contamination was markedly higher in Islamabad as NPI values reached 4.9. Pb and As enrichment in Islama- bad could be attributed to industrial wastes and traffic emissions (S. M. Ali and Naseem 2011). Whereas the Cd pollution in soil is caused by several anthropogenic activ- ities such as smelting, industrial emission, chemical pro- duction, and sewage irrigation (Shi et al. 2019).
Table 2 Contamination factor and contamination degree of PTMs in the study areas. Cr. The highly enriched element in Attock was As (8.7) followed by Sr, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Fe. In Islamabad, no element falls in the category of clean and the most enriched element was Pb (15.5) followed by As (12.3). Sr (8.7), Cd (3.0), Mn (2.0), Cu (1.9), Cr (1.7), Ni (1.6), Zn (1.2), and Fe (1.1). Similar results for Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn contamination were found in a study conducted in China, but the contamination level of As and Pb reported in the current study is much higher (Zhang et al. 2018). The mean values for NPI in four sites ranged from 2.3 to 4.9. The trend for metal contamination in these sites was Is- lamabad > Abbottabad > Attock > Haripur. The heavy metal contamination was markedly higher in Islamabad as NPI values reached 4.9. Pb and As enrichment in Islama- bad could be attributed to industrial wastes and traffic emissions (S. M. Ali and Naseem 2011). Whereas the Cd pollution in soil is caused by several anthropogenic activ- ities such as smelting, industrial emission, chemical pro- duction, and sewage irrigation (Shi et al. 2019).
Fig. 3. Relationship between PTMs and combined health risks. Blue to red color indicates the change in relationship from positive to negative and the size of the bubble indicates the strength (strong or weak) of the relationship
Fig. 3. Relationship between PTMs and combined health risks. Blue to red color indicates the change in relationship from positive to negative and the size of the bubble indicates the strength (strong or weak) of the relationship
Table 3. Nemerow pollution index values of PTMs in study areas
Table 3. Nemerow pollution index values of PTMs in study areas
Table 5 Carcinogenic risks of PTMs for children and adults in the study areas The overall cancer risk was also calculated by sum- ming up values for ingestion, inhalation, and dermal limit 1 x 10° (USEPA 1989). The cancer risk was evaluated for Cr, As, Ni, Pb, and Cd in children and adults based on three exposure pathways. Results re- vealed that exposure through ingestion poses high risk of carcinogenicity to children as well as to adults. The trend of cancer risk through different exposure pathways was CRing > CRaer > CRinn- It has been observed that Cr is the most carcinogenic element via three exposure
Table 5 Carcinogenic risks of PTMs for children and adults in the study areas The overall cancer risk was also calculated by sum- ming up values for ingestion, inhalation, and dermal limit 1 x 10° (USEPA 1989). The cancer risk was evaluated for Cr, As, Ni, Pb, and Cd in children and adults based on three exposure pathways. Results re- vealed that exposure through ingestion poses high risk of carcinogenicity to children as well as to adults. The trend of cancer risk through different exposure pathways was CRing > CRaer > CRinn- It has been observed that Cr is the most carcinogenic element via three exposure
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Environmental ScienceEnvironmental ChemistryMedicineHeavy Metal PollutionPollutionEnvironmental monitoring and assessmentSurface SoilsIndus BasinEcology and Environmental Sciences
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