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6. APPLICATIONS OF WBAN IN MEDICAL AREAS implies an increase in the complexity and cost of production of the micro-sensor. Design of transmission units with low power consumption isa challenge. A micro-sensor is equipped with an energy source (usually a battery) to power all its components. However, as a result of its small size, the resource energy available is limited and generally unchangeable. Therefore, energy is the most precious resource in a sensor network, since it affects directly the lifetime of micro-sensors and the entire network. The control unit of energy is therefore one of the most important systems. It is responsible for allocating the available power to other modules. This unit can also handle systems of charging energy from the observed environment such as solar cells, to extend the total lifetime of the network. Sensor networks invade several medical areas applications. They can be very useful in the medical field, and may for example provide devices for helping the disabled (Kim & Kim; 2006), medication (Hsua etal., 2010), adminis- tration within the hospital (Chipara, Lu, Bailey, & Roman, 2010), control physicians and patients in the hospital as well as remote monitoring and collecting information physiological hu- man (Johnson & Andrews, 1996). Among the applications that offer the best contributions we notify, assistance to people with disabilities and health care services (Andziulis, Bielskis, Denisovas, & RamaSauskas, 2008). The first kind of application presents many examples suchas blind person, speech disability, artificial hands, legs and alzahaymar. The healthcare service includes medical checkup, physical rehabilitation and physiological monitoring. n blind application, we can assist people with visual disabilities, when the person forget one of his belongings, a sensor, which is attached to his belongings, a warning signal begin by measuring the range between the person and his belongings. In addition, we can attach a camera tothe people with visual disabilities, which take

Table 1 6. APPLICATIONS OF WBAN IN MEDICAL AREAS implies an increase in the complexity and cost of production of the micro-sensor. Design of transmission units with low power consumption isa challenge. A micro-sensor is equipped with an energy source (usually a battery) to power all its components. However, as a result of its small size, the resource energy available is limited and generally unchangeable. Therefore, energy is the most precious resource in a sensor network, since it affects directly the lifetime of micro-sensors and the entire network. The control unit of energy is therefore one of the most important systems. It is responsible for allocating the available power to other modules. This unit can also handle systems of charging energy from the observed environment such as solar cells, to extend the total lifetime of the network. Sensor networks invade several medical areas applications. They can be very useful in the medical field, and may for example provide devices for helping the disabled (Kim & Kim; 2006), medication (Hsua etal., 2010), adminis- tration within the hospital (Chipara, Lu, Bailey, & Roman, 2010), control physicians and patients in the hospital as well as remote monitoring and collecting information physiological hu- man (Johnson & Andrews, 1996). Among the applications that offer the best contributions we notify, assistance to people with disabilities and health care services (Andziulis, Bielskis, Denisovas, & RamaSauskas, 2008). The first kind of application presents many examples suchas blind person, speech disability, artificial hands, legs and alzahaymar. The healthcare service includes medical checkup, physical rehabilitation and physiological monitoring. n blind application, we can assist people with visual disabilities, when the person forget one of his belongings, a sensor, which is attached to his belongings, a warning signal begin by measuring the range between the person and his belongings. In addition, we can attach a camera tothe people with visual disabilities, which take

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Figure 1. WBAN Architecture for healthcare applications
Figure 1. WBAN Architecture for healthcare applications
doctors to be sent to patient in order to provide the medical support data or its modification. Those are connected to each other over a com- munication network. The second application of health care service is physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians may also perform electro diagnostics which are used to provide nervous system functional information. The common electro diagnostic tests performed by physiatrists are nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography’s (EMG). The nerve conduction study involves electrical stimulation to peripheral nerves, and the nerves’ responses are measured including such things as onset latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity. Needle electromyography requires needle electrode insertion into the muscles to detect the electrical potential generated from muscle fibers. Abnormal electrical potentials, such as fibrillation potential or positive sharp waves, detected by EMG needles indicate the presence of muscle fibers that have abnormal nerve supplies. Finally we present the third service for healthcare which is physiological monitoring. Hidalgo Limited, a Cambridge, UK based biomedical company developed a physiological monitoring system named Equivital (http://www.equivital.co.uk). It is an ambulatory wearable high performance physi- ological system providing vital signs including heart rate, lead electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration rate and effort, skin temperature Table 2. Sensors platforms (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_node) pictures and send them to a receiver carried by the person, where they are converted to speech signal in order to predict him the way and serve as a guide. The same principle ofa blind person can be applied with a speech disabilities person expect we must stores speech and send them to a receiver carried by the person, where they are converted to a video signal. Others applica- tions for assistance to people with disabilities are Alzheimer, depression, and elderly people monitoring (Dagtas, Netchetoi, & Wu, 2007). Most of the population has full time jobs, and they keep their elderly people, such as parents or grandparents, alone at home without controls. Therefore, a wireless sensor network takes place including the patient presenting the diseases of Alzheimer for example and the neighbors, family or a hospital. The objective of this net- work is to alert neighbors, family or the nearest hospital when the sensors detect any abnormal situation caused by being lonely or depression. The second kind of application category is the health care services among them medical check-up (Jang, Uhm, Lee, & Lim, 2007). The medical checkup network system is composed of a patient terminal, a doctor terminal and a center server. The doctor examines the result determined by the patient terminal, and then he decided the treatment. The center server serve as a link between patient and doctor, it stores the information provided by the treatment. The center server also stores information from
doctors to be sent to patient in order to provide the medical support data or its modification. Those are connected to each other over a com- munication network. The second application of health care service is physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians may also perform electro diagnostics which are used to provide nervous system functional information. The common electro diagnostic tests performed by physiatrists are nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography’s (EMG). The nerve conduction study involves electrical stimulation to peripheral nerves, and the nerves’ responses are measured including such things as onset latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity. Needle electromyography requires needle electrode insertion into the muscles to detect the electrical potential generated from muscle fibers. Abnormal electrical potentials, such as fibrillation potential or positive sharp waves, detected by EMG needles indicate the presence of muscle fibers that have abnormal nerve supplies. Finally we present the third service for healthcare which is physiological monitoring. Hidalgo Limited, a Cambridge, UK based biomedical company developed a physiological monitoring system named Equivital (http://www.equivital.co.uk). It is an ambulatory wearable high performance physi- ological system providing vital signs including heart rate, lead electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration rate and effort, skin temperature Table 2. Sensors platforms (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_node) pictures and send them to a receiver carried by the person, where they are converted to speech signal in order to predict him the way and serve as a guide. The same principle ofa blind person can be applied with a speech disabilities person expect we must stores speech and send them to a receiver carried by the person, where they are converted to a video signal. Others applica- tions for assistance to people with disabilities are Alzheimer, depression, and elderly people monitoring (Dagtas, Netchetoi, & Wu, 2007). Most of the population has full time jobs, and they keep their elderly people, such as parents or grandparents, alone at home without controls. Therefore, a wireless sensor network takes place including the patient presenting the diseases of Alzheimer for example and the neighbors, family or a hospital. The objective of this net- work is to alert neighbors, family or the nearest hospital when the sensors detect any abnormal situation caused by being lonely or depression. The second kind of application category is the health care services among them medical check-up (Jang, Uhm, Lee, & Lim, 2007). The medical checkup network system is composed of a patient terminal, a doctor terminal and a center server. The doctor examines the result determined by the patient terminal, and then he decided the treatment. The center server serve as a link between patient and doctor, it stores the information provided by the treatment. The center server also stores information from
Table 3. Comparison between the classic Bluetooth and the low energy Bluetooth
Table 3. Comparison between the classic Bluetooth and the low energy Bluetooth
Table 4. Comparison between the different standards and technologies
Table 4. Comparison between the different standards and technologies
1999). These standard communication messages be devices and the informatics’ standard 1073.2 for t plication Profile (MDAP) Association, 2004) is dard that establishes t are used and the DCC through The MDI for communication s provide the syntax for ween the medical systems. The sub he Medical Device Ap- IEEE Standards the main principle stan- he set of services, which between the BCC DLL information. the M B (IEEE Standards Association, 2004) is an object-oriented database. MMOs (Man- aged Me cally wit Domain include Information he medical dical Objects) are stored hierarchi- hin a tree structure in a form named Model (DIM). Objects device system (MDS), virtual medical device (VMD), real time sample, c breviation ment ACS ments in t and Simple Network and mechanisms for hannels, alerts and o IEEE Standards Association, 2004) is the ab- of Association contro E is the ISO/OSI standard (ISO/IEC 8650). It’s astandard association w! flexibility in order to be adaptable he future such as new format profiles for example pic hers. ACSE service ele- hich provides othe require- ideas in the ure formats, Time Protocol [SNTP] encoding. It also offers safety, securisation of compatibility check and making sure that both devices use compatible nomenclature versions. ROSE (Remote Op-
1999). These standard communication messages be devices and the informatics’ standard 1073.2 for t plication Profile (MDAP) Association, 2004) is dard that establishes t are used and the DCC through The MDI for communication s provide the syntax for ween the medical systems. The sub he Medical Device Ap- IEEE Standards the main principle stan- he set of services, which between the BCC DLL information. the M B (IEEE Standards Association, 2004) is an object-oriented database. MMOs (Man- aged Me cally wit Domain include Information he medical dical Objects) are stored hierarchi- hin a tree structure in a form named Model (DIM). Objects device system (MDS), virtual medical device (VMD), real time sample, c breviation ment ACS ments in t and Simple Network and mechanisms for hannels, alerts and o IEEE Standards Association, 2004) is the ab- of Association contro E is the ISO/OSI standard (ISO/IEC 8650). It’s astandard association w! flexibility in order to be adaptable he future such as new format profiles for example pic hers. ACSE service ele- hich provides othe require- ideas in the ure formats, Time Protocol [SNTP] encoding. It also offers safety, securisation of compatibility check and making sure that both devices use compatible nomenclature versions. ROSE (Remote Op-
Table 5. Correspondence between the OSI reference model and the X73 sub-standards ies system (TP, substandard 11703-30xxx) (IEE Standards Association, 1994) is the lower layer that provides an effective transport of data. He determines the services and protocols for connection and transporting messages. There is tow kinds of transports system which are detailed in the ISO/IEEE 11073 (X73): cable connected mode (IEEE Standards Association, 1994) and wireless mode (IEEE Standards As- sociation, 1994). According to the agent- manager model in ISO system there is tow devices which communicate together. The agent gives information as medical objects, this in- formation are treated and controlled by the manager. The agent and manager need two logical entities or nodes are defined as Device Communication Controller (DCC) and Bedside Communications Controller (BCC). These communications controllers regularize the change of data between the lower layers of the communications link. This regularization in- cludes activities such as the link establishment and data interchange rates determination. The ISO/IEEE 11073 standard has a reference Models layer for Medical Device Communica- tions which correspond to the seven-layer ISO/ OSI (International Standards Organization/ Open System Interconnect) model. Table 5 shows the correspondence between the OSI reference model and the corresponding X73 sub-standards. 9. MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) LAYER
Table 5. Correspondence between the OSI reference model and the X73 sub-standards ies system (TP, substandard 11703-30xxx) (IEE Standards Association, 1994) is the lower layer that provides an effective transport of data. He determines the services and protocols for connection and transporting messages. There is tow kinds of transports system which are detailed in the ISO/IEEE 11073 (X73): cable connected mode (IEEE Standards Association, 1994) and wireless mode (IEEE Standards As- sociation, 1994). According to the agent- manager model in ISO system there is tow devices which communicate together. The agent gives information as medical objects, this in- formation are treated and controlled by the manager. The agent and manager need two logical entities or nodes are defined as Device Communication Controller (DCC) and Bedside Communications Controller (BCC). These communications controllers regularize the change of data between the lower layers of the communications link. This regularization in- cludes activities such as the link establishment and data interchange rates determination. The ISO/IEEE 11073 standard has a reference Models layer for Medical Device Communica- tions which correspond to the seven-layer ISO/ OSI (International Standards Organization/ Open System Interconnect) model. Table 5 shows the correspondence between the OSI reference model and the corresponding X73 sub-standards. 9. MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) LAYER
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