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Figure 6. Effect of sulphidization and MBS addition on Cu recovery-grade of Ore B. The results showed that sulfidization improved the flotation performance and the Cu recovery increased to 75% at a 1000 g/t NazS dosage. Increasing Na2S dosage to 1500 g/t did not further improve the copper recovery (Figure 6). NaHS was also tested as an alternative sulfidizing reagent to NaS at a 1000 g/t dosage. Similar recovery values were obtained using both Na2S and NaHS, and a 1000 g/t dosage was required for an effective surface cleaning.

Figure 6 Effect of sulphidization and MBS addition on Cu recovery-grade of Ore B. The results showed that sulfidization improved the flotation performance and the Cu recovery increased to 75% at a 1000 g/t NazS dosage. Increasing Na2S dosage to 1500 g/t did not further improve the copper recovery (Figure 6). NaHS was also tested as an alternative sulfidizing reagent to NaS at a 1000 g/t dosage. Similar recovery values were obtained using both Na2S and NaHS, and a 1000 g/t dosage was required for an effective surface cleaning.

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Table 1. Chemical composition of Ore A and Ore B on a size by assay basis. BMA (Bulk Mineralogical Analysis) and PMA (Particle Mineral Analysis) charac terization were performed on a size-by-size basis for both samples. Polished sections of +38 um, —38 + 20 um, and —20 + 10 um size fractions were prepared and analyzed using QemSCAN, which has an FEI Quanta 650F electron microscope equipped with a field-emission gun as an electron source. The —10um size fraction was not included in the mineralogical analysis because of the agglomeration of fine particles observed during preparation of the polished sections. For imaging and X-ray based microchemical analysis the instrument is equipped with a four-quadrant, solid state back-scattered electron (BSE detector and two Bruker XFlash 5030 detectors. The liberation criterion was selected as 90%, which means any particle containing 90% and 100% by area of the mineral of interest is regarded as liberated. Particles that contain between 50% and 90% by area are referred to as middling/binary particles, while those containing less than 50% by area are referred to as locked particles.
Table 1. Chemical composition of Ore A and Ore B on a size by assay basis. BMA (Bulk Mineralogical Analysis) and PMA (Particle Mineral Analysis) charac terization were performed on a size-by-size basis for both samples. Polished sections of +38 um, —38 + 20 um, and —20 + 10 um size fractions were prepared and analyzed using QemSCAN, which has an FEI Quanta 650F electron microscope equipped with a field-emission gun as an electron source. The —10um size fraction was not included in the mineralogical analysis because of the agglomeration of fine particles observed during preparation of the polished sections. For imaging and X-ray based microchemical analysis the instrument is equipped with a four-quadrant, solid state back-scattered electron (BSE detector and two Bruker XFlash 5030 detectors. The liberation criterion was selected as 90%, which means any particle containing 90% and 100% by area of the mineral of interest is regarded as liberated. Particles that contain between 50% and 90% by area are referred to as middling/binary particles, while those containing less than 50% by area are referred to as locked particles.
Table 2. EDTA results for Ore A and B. Table 3. Reagent scheme used in the flotation tests. formulation, was used in the copper flotation circuit at pH 11.5-12. The pH was kept constant at the target values by ad was used to measure pH and flotation stage, an et for pyrite flotation a which is applied in 3418A), sodium iso to improve copper flotation pyrite flotation. Me (NaS) and sodium tpH 11. These propyl! xantha ding lime into the ball mill and flotation. A TPS meter Eh values during the flotation process. Following the copper her amine form collector, TomAmine (100 g/t), was used as the collector flotation conditions were termed the Base Condition (BC) the plant. Alternative collectors, diisobutyl phosphinate (Aerophine e (SIPX) and thionocarbamate (Aero 5100) were tested performance. Potassium amyl xanthate (KAX) was tested for hyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) was used as the frother. Sodium sulfide hydrosulfide ( NaHS) were tested for surface cleaning of the tarnished minerals and framboidal pyrite, particularly for Ore B (Table 3).
Table 2. EDTA results for Ore A and B. Table 3. Reagent scheme used in the flotation tests. formulation, was used in the copper flotation circuit at pH 11.5-12. The pH was kept constant at the target values by ad was used to measure pH and flotation stage, an et for pyrite flotation a which is applied in 3418A), sodium iso to improve copper flotation pyrite flotation. Me (NaS) and sodium tpH 11. These propyl! xantha ding lime into the ball mill and flotation. A TPS meter Eh values during the flotation process. Following the copper her amine form collector, TomAmine (100 g/t), was used as the collector flotation conditions were termed the Base Condition (BC) the plant. Alternative collectors, diisobutyl phosphinate (Aerophine e (SIPX) and thionocarbamate (Aero 5100) were tested performance. Potassium amyl xanthate (KAX) was tested for hyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) was used as the frother. Sodium sulfide hydrosulfide ( NaHS) were tested for surface cleaning of the tarnished minerals and framboidal pyrite, particularly for Ore B (Table 3).
3. Results and Discussion
3. Results and Discussion
Table 4. Modal mineralogy of Ore A and Ore B on size-by-size basis. Table 5. Size-by-size liberation of chalcopyrite and pyrite minerals in Ore A and Ore B.
Table 4. Modal mineralogy of Ore A and Ore B on size-by-size basis. Table 5. Size-by-size liberation of chalcopyrite and pyrite minerals in Ore A and Ore B.
The framboidal structure is very well defined by Wilkin and Barnes [10], and is consid- ered to form as a result of consecutive processes such as nucleation and the growth of initial iron monosulfide microcrystals, reaction of the microcrystals to greigite, framboid growth of microcrystals and replacement of these framboids by pyrite. Since it is very difficult to quantify Fe sulfide species with QemSCAN, petrography analysis was performed using a transmitted and reflective light microscope on both ore types. According to the analysis of thin sections of Ore B, ~1.5% of pyrite particles were defined as framboidal with a size range of 0.01-5 mm. The marcasite particles were observed as alteration and weathering minerals in an amount of 2-3%, with a size range up to 0.3 mm. In some fragments, the pyrite crystals were immersed within a second generation of pyrite. In other fragments, the pyrite was intergrown with sphalerite (Figure 3a), and the two minerals formed crus-
The framboidal structure is very well defined by Wilkin and Barnes [10], and is consid- ered to form as a result of consecutive processes such as nucleation and the growth of initial iron monosulfide microcrystals, reaction of the microcrystals to greigite, framboid growth of microcrystals and replacement of these framboids by pyrite. Since it is very difficult to quantify Fe sulfide species with QemSCAN, petrography analysis was performed using a transmitted and reflective light microscope on both ore types. According to the analysis of thin sections of Ore B, ~1.5% of pyrite particles were defined as framboidal with a size range of 0.01-5 mm. The marcasite particles were observed as alteration and weathering minerals in an amount of 2-3%, with a size range up to 0.3 mm. In some fragments, the pyrite crystals were immersed within a second generation of pyrite. In other fragments, the pyrite was intergrown with sphalerite (Figure 3a), and the two minerals formed crus-
Figure 1. Grain size distributions of pyrite in size fractions of Ore A and B. tiform intergrowths. Although only 1.5% of the pyrite appeared in framboidal form, the rest of the pyrite was found to exist with spongy inclusions, forming aggregates and an anhedral crystal form (Figure 3b). These aggregates tended to form rounded framboidal ageregates, which were clearly distinguished by the subhedral and inclusion-free crystals or the inclusion-poor interstitial aggregates of pyrite.
Figure 1. Grain size distributions of pyrite in size fractions of Ore A and B. tiform intergrowths. Although only 1.5% of the pyrite appeared in framboidal form, the rest of the pyrite was found to exist with spongy inclusions, forming aggregates and an anhedral crystal form (Figure 3b). These aggregates tended to form rounded framboidal ageregates, which were clearly distinguished by the subhedral and inclusion-free crystals or the inclusion-poor interstitial aggregates of pyrite.
Figure 2. Framboidal pyrite (a) and altered pyrite/marcasite (b) from Ore B.
Figure 2. Framboidal pyrite (a) and altered pyrite/marcasite (b) from Ore B.
Figure 3. Very fine-grained crystals of pyrite (py) are intergrown with the sphalerite (sl) and define crustiform and layered intergrowths (a). Porous and spongy aggregates of pyrite define rounded framboidal aggregates and irregularly shaped domains associated with subordinate inclusion-free interstitial pyrite (b) from Ore B. crustiform and layered intergrowths (a). Porous and spongy aggregates of pyrite define rounded
Figure 3. Very fine-grained crystals of pyrite (py) are intergrown with the sphalerite (sl) and define crustiform and layered intergrowths (a). Porous and spongy aggregates of pyrite define rounded framboidal aggregates and irregularly shaped domains associated with subordinate inclusion-free interstitial pyrite (b) from Ore B. crustiform and layered intergrowths (a). Porous and spongy aggregates of pyrite define rounded
Figure 4. Pyrite (py) hosts medium-grained crystals of marcasite (mrc) and fine-grained crystals of chalcopyrite (cp) from Ore A.
Figure 4. Pyrite (py) hosts medium-grained crystals of marcasite (mrc) and fine-grained crystals of chalcopyrite (cp) from Ore A.
Alternative flotation conditions were investigated to improve the flotation perfor- mance of Ore B. In one of the tests, the collector was added at the milling stage. Aero5100 (120 g/t) and a mixture of Aero3418A + SIPX (90 + 90 g/t) were used as alternative collec- tors. Figure 5 shows that the copper recovery increased to 67% at 31% mass pull using a mixture of Aero3418A + SIPX.
Alternative flotation conditions were investigated to improve the flotation perfor- mance of Ore B. In one of the tests, the collector was added at the milling stage. Aero5100 (120 g/t) and a mixture of Aero3418A + SIPX (90 + 90 g/t) were used as alternative collec- tors. Figure 5 shows that the copper recovery increased to 67% at 31% mass pull using a mixture of Aero3418A + SIPX.
Table 6. Flotation behavior of Ore A under the Base Condition. 3.3. Flotation Behavior of Ore B
Table 6. Flotation behavior of Ore A under the Base Condition. 3.3. Flotation Behavior of Ore B
Table 7. Results of the open cleaner flotation test performed using a blend of Ore A:Ore B (50:50) under optimum flotation conditions (3000 g/t MBS, 1000 g/t NagS, 180 g/t 3418A + SIPX in copper flotation and 200 g/t KAX in pyrite flotation. Effects of alternative conditions on flotation performance of the two ore types and their mixture were evaluated based on the results of open cleaner flotation tests. In these tests, the influence of recirculating cleaner flotation tailing was not taken into consideration Therefore, simulation studies were performed using JKSimFloat software to estimate metallurgical performance of closed-circuit operation. In the simulation studies, first mineral assays and stage recoveries were determined by mass balance of the open cleaner flotation tests. Stage recoveries of the minerals were assumed constant in each flotation stage during simulation. mttniw cae an oe oie is uty oT qe rr oe — — ee
Table 7. Results of the open cleaner flotation test performed using a blend of Ore A:Ore B (50:50) under optimum flotation conditions (3000 g/t MBS, 1000 g/t NagS, 180 g/t 3418A + SIPX in copper flotation and 200 g/t KAX in pyrite flotation. Effects of alternative conditions on flotation performance of the two ore types and their mixture were evaluated based on the results of open cleaner flotation tests. In these tests, the influence of recirculating cleaner flotation tailing was not taken into consideration Therefore, simulation studies were performed using JKSimFloat software to estimate metallurgical performance of closed-circuit operation. In the simulation studies, first mineral assays and stage recoveries were determined by mass balance of the open cleaner flotation tests. Stage recoveries of the minerals were assumed constant in each flotation stage during simulation. mttniw cae an oe oie is uty oT qe rr oe — — ee
Table 8. Flotation performance of Ore A, Ore B and a mixture of the two ores under optimum flotation conditions applied on each ore type.
Table 8. Flotation performance of Ore A, Ore B and a mixture of the two ores under optimum flotation conditions applied on each ore type.
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