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Table 2. Four-year ambient temperature average T, [°C], after [16].

Table 2 Four-year ambient temperature average T, [°C], after [16].

Related Figures (13)

Figure 1. Street view of the two-storeys residential building. The heat gains and losses are computed according to standard norms [21]-[22]. Heat rates exchanged through exterior building elements (exterior walls, windows and doors) and interior ones (interior walls, doors, floors, ceilings) are computed taking into account thermal inertia for the walls.
Figure 1. Street view of the two-storeys residential building. The heat gains and losses are computed according to standard norms [21]-[22]. Heat rates exchanged through exterior building elements (exterior walls, windows and doors) and interior ones (interior walls, doors, floors, ceilings) are computed taking into account thermal inertia for the walls.
Figure 2. Building plans for the ground-floor (a) and first-floor (b).
Figure 2. Building plans for the ground-floor (a) and first-floor (b).
Figure 3. Hourly heat rates of the building rooms, in July (a) and in January (b).
Figure 3. Hourly heat rates of the building rooms, in July (a) and in January (b).
Figure 4. Hourly heat rates through different building elements of one roon with small window, in July. A particular aspect is emphasized by the North oriented wall, PE-N-10. The two peaks observed in figure 4 correspond to the two very short periods during which this wall is seeing the Sun. In summer time, Sun rises and sets behind the East-West line, so that there are two periods with direct sunlight on a North oriented surface, in clear sky conditions.
Figure 4. Hourly heat rates through different building elements of one roon with small window, in July. A particular aspect is emphasized by the North oriented wall, PE-N-10. The two peaks observed in figure 4 correspond to the two very short periods during which this wall is seeing the Sun. In summer time, Sun rises and sets behind the East-West line, so that there are two periods with direct sunlight on a North oriented surface, in clear sky conditions.
Figure 5. Hourly heat rates through different building elements of one room with large window, in July.
Figure 5. Hourly heat rates through different building elements of one room with large window, in July.
Figure 6. Total hourly cooling and heating loads of the building over the year. Whatever the month is, three peaks are emphasized for each daily profile. The first one is put into evidence around 8 AM, the second appears at 2 PM while the last one is around 4 PM during winter and 7 PM during summer. They correspond to occupants’ activity hours inside the building and are considered through the internal load contribution. A step downwards is met around 10 PM in summer or 9 PM in winter corresponding to the moment when occupants are suspending their activity. The cooling load records a daily minimum around 5 AM and a daily maximum at 2 PM in the cooling season (from April to October). When analyzing the heating load during the heating season (from November to March), one observes that the maximum is recorded around 5 AM, too.
Figure 6. Total hourly cooling and heating loads of the building over the year. Whatever the month is, three peaks are emphasized for each daily profile. The first one is put into evidence around 8 AM, the second appears at 2 PM while the last one is around 4 PM during winter and 7 PM during summer. They correspond to occupants’ activity hours inside the building and are considered through the internal load contribution. A step downwards is met around 10 PM in summer or 9 PM in winter corresponding to the moment when occupants are suspending their activity. The cooling load records a daily minimum around 5 AM and a daily maximum at 2 PM in the cooling season (from April to October). When analyzing the heating load during the heating season (from November to March), one observes that the maximum is recorded around 5 AM, too.
Figure 7. Total loads of the building along the year at: 5 AM (daily cooling minima, respectively daily heating maxima), 2 PM (daily cooling maxima), 12 AM and 8 PM.
Figure 7. Total loads of the building along the year at: 5 AM (daily cooling minima, respectively daily heating maxima), 2 PM (daily cooling maxima), 12 AM and 8 PM.
Figure 9. Daily heating (a) and cooling (b) energy consumptions of the building along the year function on interior air temperature.
Figure 9. Daily heating (a) and cooling (b) energy consumptions of the building along the year function on interior air temperature.
Figure 10. Maximum daily cooling and heating loads along the year, function on interior air temperature.
Figure 10. Maximum daily cooling and heating loads along the year, function on interior air temperature.
Figure 11. Maximum cooling and heating loads used for sizing thermal systems, function on temperature difference between ambient and interior air.
Figure 11. Maximum cooling and heating loads used for sizing thermal systems, function on temperature difference between ambient and interior air.
Figure 12. Annual energy consumption of | m* used for cooling and heating, function on interior air temperature.
Figure 12. Annual energy consumption of | m* used for cooling and heating, function on interior air temperature.
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