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Table 3. Solar energy received on the solar envelope with maximum FAR in Winter and summer at the shadow cut-off time (kWh/m?). We notice that Plot A and plot B have the same energy in winter (98 kWh/m/?) but plot B has an excess of 2% in summer compared to plot A. Plot C has 3% more energy in winter than A and B. Besides, in summer it has the less exposure. It represents the best solution for energy balance point of view. — Table 3 Solar energy received on the solar envelope with maximum FAR in Winter and summer at the shadow cut-off time (kWh/m?). We notice that Plot A and plot B have the same energy in winter (98 kWh/m/?) but plot B has an excess of 2% in summer compared to plot A. Plot C has 3% more energy in winter than A and B. Besides, in summer it has the less exposure. It represents the best solution for energy balance point of view.

Related Figures (55)

Fig. 2. The factors /maps which were used in the proposed flood hazard system: (a) Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), (b) Elevation, (c) Slope, (d) Precipitation, (e) Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), (f) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), (g) Distance from river, (h) Distance from road, (i) Drainage density and (j) Soil permeability. As a result, flooding has become a major concern for many small and rapidly developing cities. Flood damage is often attributed to population density, which can exacerbate the effects of ur- banization on hydrological and hydraulic processes. Without additional investment in these ar- eas, flood damage is likely to persist. Land use is a crucial factor in regulating infiltration, runoff, interception, and evaporation. Urbanization in river and channel zones can significantly reduce drainage capacity, leading to increased flooding in urban areas [Willems, 2012].

In Step 3, Check for consistency To ensure consistency in a fuzzy pairwise comparison matrix in Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Pro- cess (Fuzzy-AHP), we need to calculate the Consistency Ratio (CR) and the Consistency Index (CI). First, we calculate the maximum eigenvalue (A_max) of the fuzzy pairwise comparison ma- trix and use it to calculate the CR using the formula: CR = (A_max - n) / (n - 1), where n is the number of criteria. We then determine the Random Index (RI) from a pre-calculated table [Saaty, 1980] based on the number of criteria and calculate the CI using the formula: CI = CR / RI. Finally, we compare the calculated CI with the expected value of CI for the given number of criteria. If the calculated CI is greater than the expected CI, the matrix is inconsistent, and we may need to revise the pairwise comparisons until the consistency is achieved by adjusting the pairwise com- parison values or revisiting the criteria to ensure they are correctly defined and compared. Table 1. Fuzzy pairwise matrix in step 2, The fuzzy pairwise comparison process is used to assess the relative importance of the

A triangular fuzzy number (TFN) is defined as (m1=m2; m2=m3) or (m1, m2, m3) which denotes pessimistic, most likely, and optimistic values. The TFN having linear representation on left and right side can be defined in terms of its membership function as [Kahraman et al., 2003]. The fuzzy set theory is used, which it is introduced by Zadeh (1965), is a mathematical approach to deal with uncertainty and vagueness in decision-making processes. It allows representing im- precise data using fuzzy numbers, which can be further processed in the fuzzy domain through mathematical operations. Fuzzy numbers are represented by membership grades ranging from 0 to 1, with triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN) M (

Step 5 involves defuzzifying the fuzzy weight using the average weight criteria M(6), to obtain a crisp value. This process is also known as defu7zzificaton. Table 2. Table captions should be placed above the tables. All captions are centered.

Fig. 6. Environmental Vulnerability Index

Table 3. Loads of 4 variables in two principal components

Fig. 7. Results of Principal component analysis (PCA)-based on k - means clustering Pig. 7. WESULS OF PTUICIpal COMPONeNt analysis (EUSA )-Dasea ON K- Medals CUsSterins Looking at the factor loadings, we can see that Medium EVI has a strong positive correlation with both PC1 (loading of 0.34) and PC2 (loading of 0.643). Heigh EVI also has a strong positive corre- ation with PC1 (loading of 0.742) but a weak negative correlation with PC2 (loading of -0.047). Very Heigh EVI has a moderate positive correlation with PC1 (loading of 0.572) but a strong nega- tive correlation with PC2 (loading of -0.416). Finally, Low EVI has a weak positive correlation with PC1 (loading of 0.084) and a strong positive correlation with PC2 (loading of 0.641). These factor loadings indicate that the first two principal components capture different aspects of the environmental vulnerability index variables. PC1 is mainly driven by the medium and high EVI variables, while PC2 is mainly influenced by the very high and low EVI variables. The results suggest that these two principal components could be used as a reduced set of variables for further analysis, as

Fig. 1. Illustration shading exchange between two neighboring facades. device to exchange the shade between the neighboring plots belonging to an urban block. The

Fig. 2. Satellite photo of the urban block composed of three plots A, B and C located at the Lac of Tunis (latitude 36°50'31.22"N, longitude 10°16'48.75"E). — We present an application example on an urban block of three plots (A, B and C) located in Lac of Tunis (Fig. 2).

Fig. 3. Dynamo solar envelope component. 3.2 Results

Table 1. Results for a maximum FAR for the three plots. We notice plot A has best result of FAR (7.777) with a gain of 26.8% and 52.51% compared to respectively plot B and plot C. Plot B can insure a maximum duration of solar access (5 hours). AS

Fig.4. Parameters diagrams of solutions obtained for each plot (A, B, C) corresponding to the various ur- ban density of shading cut-off time.

Table 2. Results for a maximum duration of shading cut-off time on the three plots. 4. Discussion This paper proposes a resilient approach to optimize urban density and solar access by stud- ying the optimal duration and FAR. It proposes a method for determining urban morphology by controlling the solar access duration. Varying the period of the shading cut-off time makes it pos- sible to explore different urban densities (Fig.5) while guaranteeing solar access over a useful solar access time slot.

Fig.5. Examples of solar envelope generation for a one-hour increment of solar access.

Fig.6. Maximum FAR by variation of the shading exchange index. We retain in Fig. 6 the minimum, average and maximum values of the shading exchange index for a maximum of FAR. We compare the variation of FAR, FSI and solar access duration as a func- tion of the shading exchange index for the three plots.

Proceedings of Engineering & Technology-PET-Vol 81

Fig 1: Localisation des points de mesure dans I’aire d’étude (fond de carte : Google Earth).

Tab 1: Profil de quelques sites de mesure et description.

Les mesures de température et d’humidité de l’air sont représentatives du climat de la ville en été (figure 2.). La température minimale nocturne est supérieure a 30 °C, révélant le degré du stress thermique subi par les habitants. Durant le jour, le site du cimetiere des martyrs (PT04) manifeste le plus important ICU d’une intensité de 2.98 °C. Ce site présente une grande aire asphaltée de couleur noire et un trés grand SVF. Le deuxieme ICU est enregistré dans le boulevard ler novembre (PT17) de 2.23 °C. C’est un canyon urbain de faible profondeur, et connu par ses embouteillages et sa circulation automobile tres intense. Ce boulevard est orné d’arbres d’alignement (palmiers-dat- tiers) espacés de 9 men moyenne. Les points de mesure dans la Cité 20 aotit (PT19) et la rue Zoubiri (PTO7) sont plus frais ; avec environ 4 °C de différence par rapport au site du cimetiére des martyrs (PT04). Le boulevard de l’indépendance (5 juillet) (PT18) est moins chaud de 3 °C par rapport au boulevard ler novembre. Le PT18 présente une plus faible chaleur anthropique et une grande ou- verture au ciel. Les sites ouverts et dégagés sont plus chauds, car l’ombre est limitée aux abords des batiments. C’est le cas de la place ler mai (PT11), le site du registre de commerce (PT02) et la cité 400 logements (PT20) par exemple. Le site de la rue Zoubiri (PTO7) affiche une différence de 4.39 °C par rapport au site du cimetiére des martyrs (PT04). Les deux points de mesure dans le boulevard Didouche Mourad (PT 08 et 09) confirment aussi le rdle de l’ombre fournie par la géo- métrie des rues. Le point (PT09) dans le boulevard Didouche Mourad est plus chaud que I’autre point PT08 qui se trouve dans la galerie a arcades (tableau 1). Fig2 : Température de l’air des sites de mesure.

Les sites végétalisés dans I’allée Ibn-Sina PT16, au jardin de Mermed PT05 et le point sous le groupe d’arbres du site PT12 manifestent des ilots de fraicheur par rapport au site désertique (PT01). Le PCI au niveau de ces sites est de 2.62 °C, 2.50 °C et 1.3 °C respectivement. Le PCI maximal est enregistré dans l’allée Ibn-Sina (PT16) d’une valeur de 5.61 °C. La nuit est marquée par une homo- généité dans les températures des sites avec un écart plus faible par rapport au jour. A minuit l’IFU commencent a se refroidir p boulevard ler novembre (P1 végétalisés affichent des tem des ICUs de faible intensité. d’une valeur de 2.08 °C. Ala e plus fort (0.6 °C) est enregistré dans l’oued (PT10). L’ICU le plus intense est enregistré dans la ruelle du ksar (PT14) de 2.1 °C. C’est une ruelle tres étroite avec un profil profond (tableau 1). Le point (PT08) dans la galerie couverte du boulevard Didouche Mourad affiche un ICU de 2.05 °C. Ce boulevard est doté de deux galeries a arcades de part et d’autre. Les sites qui ont un grand SVF us rapidement tels que les sites : PTO2, PT04, PT11, PT20 et PT13. Le [17) est sensiblement chaud aussi en ce moment. A minuit, les sites pératures encore élevées. Les espaces verts connaissent en ce moment Le PCI maximal a l’aube est obtenu dans le jardin de Mermed (PT06) fin de la nuit (05h00), l’intensité de l’ICU est plus importante que celle relevée a minuit. A l’aube, on constate que le site désertique de référence connait un rythme de refroidissement plus rapide que la ville.

The area has a wide variety of soils (high-salt soil with powdery horizons, brown limestone soil, rough mineral soil and litho-morph soil). The site has a multitude of natural attractions: mountain, beach and lagoon. It offers a remarkable diversity of landscape. Its adaptation to the natural site- which was shaved bv the mountain Nadhour and the lagoon of Ghar El Melh (Fig. 1). Fig. 2. Landscape units of Ghar El Melh.

the city is emphasized. The reading of the city's skyline shows an articulation between the sur- rounding mountains in the background, and the landscape of forts and arsenal and port. The port was in the seventeenth century the largest privateer port of the Regency of Tunis from which de- parted formidable galleons belonging to rich shipowners commanded by Arnaut (Albanians) or the Corsican and Levantine renegades who led the race in the Mediterranean against Christian shi second place, a strategy of ca underta fortresses in the village (Borj ill f a Genovese origin (S receive nineteenth century into a mi da in the city. During this part o and Maltese immigrants constituted the bu the military navy of t itary part of the country b te of Tunisia's independen taloguing and audit o Barrani or Lazaret, E ta Mrad Genouiz) red key monuments, cons ken. The town has a legacy of defensive architecture marked by t ps and whose income was at the time the main source of wealth of the kingdom of Tunis. In a ruction techniques, was he presence of the three Oustani or Kechla and Borj Loutani). It is also present witness of this privateer past, where renegade captives and k of the population. In eveloped the port of t Turkish, Corsican, Sar- 1640, the Dey Osta Mu- he village to allow it to he Bey Husseinite and become in the seventeenth century the largest efore Bizerte, Sousse and Sfax. Later, the Borj was transformed in the itary garrison of the Bey, and then into prison for convicts until the ce in 1956. The intangible heritage of Ghar el Melh is of great interest f the research, our goal is to identify where the tangible and intangible heritage of the city can be catalysts for a sustainable management approach to heritage practices in Ghar El Melh.To maintain mastery of this knowledge and expand its influence outside, an effort and investment of energy must be undertaken. In addition, Ghar El Melh has unquestionably emerged as a hotspot for local tourism, projecting an image of a small paradise with an increasing number of facilities to preserve natural resources as shown in Fig2. Fig. 2. Revaluation indicators for Ghar El Melh S. Karray (2023).

Fig. 3. Les noyaux primaires : Crémieuxville (El Menzah 1) et Saint-Exupéry (Cité Mahrageéne), source : collection privé/AA, n°55, 1960 \u départ, ces deux quartiers étaient concus a la fois comme des lotissements-pi otes de recasemer our une population européenne de fonctionnaires d’Etat d’une part, et comme des extensions d a ville de Tunis d’autre part. En effet, le plan directeur d’aménagement dévelo elui des répartitions des extensions concu par Bellanger et Deloge (voir fig.2) elles zones en dehors du noyau historique e t ses principaux axes, proposaient ppé par Zehrfuss « , projetant les nou un développemer \aturel de la ville de Tunis selon deux axes : une premiere aile nord qui s’étend oisées du Belvédere et du Vallon de l’Oued ésidentielles (Belvédeére supérieur, cités-jard ait vers les colline Roriche a partir des années 40, sous forme de cité ins). Sur cet axe, plusieurs opérations se sont déve oppées en cités-jardins, en général a caractere résidentiel. Une deuxieme aile sud, plus proch ’une concentration d’établissements industriels voisins du port, a marqué la ville des cités frag nentées a dominance de cités ouvrieres (mat hildeville, bellevue...) (Gordeeff, 1955). Au départ, ces deux quartiers étaient concus a la fois comme des lotissements-pilotes de recasement

Fig. 4. Plan Directeur d’Aménagement développé par les services d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme, source : Revue |’ Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, n°20, 1948 et plan de répartition des zones d’extension de Bellanger et Deloge, source : Revue l’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, n°60, 1955

Fig. 5. Morphogenése du quartier d’El Menzah (1940-1970), source : auteure La premiere tranche du quaruier d Fi Menzan a ete construlte entre 1749 et 1700. AL orlgine, ce zone, aérée et dégagée, un peu éloignée du centre-ville de Tunis, nommée Crémieuxville regrc pait une trentaine d’habitations individuelles, toutes propriétés de familles juives francgaises tunisiennes. Ce projet ambitieux visait a créer un modele de développement urbain moderne fonctionnel, en réponse aux besoins de la population européenne en Tunisie apres la guerre. s’agissait d’un recasement administratif qui allait permettre, « l’organisation d'une collectivité nouv d’environ 150.000 habitants, dans leur grande majorité des commer¢ants, de membres de profession libérale, de foncti naires » (Gordeeff, 1955, p. 89). EL Menzah Roriche, a été étudié par le Commissariat a la Reco1 truction et au Logement (CRL) et développé en particulier par l’urbaniste W. Gordeeff. Le cont du recasement de Crémieuxville fut attribué a l’architecte Jason Kyriacopoulos. L’organisation ce quartier comprenait ; des immeubles en barre, des habitations individuels, des services et c espaces collectifs, une école, creche, jardins d’enfants, coopératives de consommation, restauran cercles pour jeunes. Dans les années 1952, la deuxieme tranche d'El Menzah, appelée El Menz Etat IL, a été lancée. Cette phase de développement, initialement basée sur des immeubles collecti a finalement inclus un seul immeuble nommeé Jarid et un certain nombre d’habitats isolés, ajoute ainsi une diversité architecturale au quartier. Apres l'indépendance de la Tunisie, la Société Nat nale Immobiliere de Tunisie (SNIT), relevant du Ministere de l’/Urbanisme et de |’Habitat, a pris charge le développement du quartier d'El Menzah a partir des années 60. Plusieurs lotissemet ont été créés, tels que celui d'El Moez, d’El Moez Supérieur, de Zarouan et d’Ismailia. Ces nouvea lotissements (voir fig.3) ont permis de développer le quartier et d'offrir une plus grande variété logements a la population. Plusieurs modeles prototypiques ont été développés en série comme modele d’immeuble type El Mehdi ou Atlas pour I’habitat collectif ou les villas Frida, Hayet Tinour et Lima correspondants aux modeles de villas-duplex répartis dans ces différents lotis: ments.

Fig. 6. Premier noyau de la cité Saint-Exupéry et extension de la SNIT en 1968, source : archives de la Di rection Régionale de l’Equipement al La cité Saint-Exupéry, premiere tranche de la Cité Mahrajéene, constitue le premier noyau édifié au début des années 50 par le Commissariat a la Reconstruction et au Logement (CRL). Ce quartier était une commande de I|’Office Tunisien du Logement de 1’Aviation (O.T.L.A), devenu, au début des années 60, la propriété de l’Office du Logement Militaire (O.L.M). Son emplacement a été pensé dans la méme logique de zone aérée et éloignée du centre et de la zone industrielle. On y trouve des emplacements pour immeubles collectifs, semi-collectifs et des habitations individuelles mais aussi des espaces commerciaux centraux, des aires de jeux pour les enfants et des espaces verts. Au début des années 60, un lotissement de villas prototypiques de type Lima”’, nommé La Fraternelle a été projeté par la SNIT en extension au quartier d’El Menzah. Vers la fin des années 60, une opé- e nouvelle extension, reprend les idéaux de l’urbanisme ration de logements collectifs a suivi. Cet moderne a savoir l’abondance des espaces verts, l’aménagement d’allées piétonnes favorisant la s sur l’extérieur (voir fig.4). L’opération de la SNIT, com- déambulation et l’ouverture des logemen prend une premiere tranche édifiée en 1968, comprenant 9 immeubles** de deux a trois étages « construits dans des proportions plus proches de l’échelle humaine et orientés est-ouest »?° (SNIT, 1982). en 1970, V'immeuble Intilak,a été construit en R+5 en forme d’étoile avec 40 appartements, suivi de l’im- meuble K en 1971, construit en forme de barre et orienté nord-sud, disposant aussi de 40 apparte- ments (voir fig.5).

Fig. 7. Morphogenése de la cité Mahrageéne (1950-1971), source : auteure

Fig. 8: Corpus d’étude : les quartiers d’El Menzah 1 et de Cité Mahragene, source : auteure Dans cette partie, nous abordons |’étude de la dimension spatiale, environnementale et sociale des quartiers d’El Menzah 1 et de la cité Mahragene (voir fig.6). En nous basant sur une étude typomorphologique et sensorielle des deux sites, nous cherchons a démontrer que ces deux quar- tiers pourraient, en tant qu’éléments urbains et architecturaux, offrir des références indéniables dans le contexte du développement architectural et urbain durable.

Dans ces quartiers, l'objectif n'est pas d'isoler les résidents dans des logements cloisonnés, mais il est essentiel, pour les architectes, de créer des échelles imbriquées entre les logements et les es- paces communs, favorisant ainsi la sociabilité entre les voisins grace a l'utilisation collective des espaces extérieurs. Fig. 9: Opération Cité El Moez par Jason Kyriacopoulos et Simon Taeib et premiere variante de l’opéra- tion Cité Mahrageéne par Yves Roa et Eddy Grinberg, source : revue l’Architecture d’ Aujourd’hui n°120, 1965 il est essentiel, pour les architectes, de créer des échelles imbriquées entre les logements et les es-

Fig. 10: Morphologie urbaine, porosité et aspect verdoyant des deux quartiers (Vers la fin des années 60) a ne nee ne eee een en ne eee een ee ew eee esa en nee eee nn eee nee eee OE III EAE Plusieurs pratiques des habitants sont intéressantes a étudier dans ces deux quartiers. En Effet, observation menée sur les itinéraires des résidents dans les espaces publics des deux quartiers a réveélé une accessibilité aux services et aux commerces. Ces espaces concus de maniere centralisée, dans ce territoire urbain, encouragent les rencontres et la sociabilisation entre voisins. Les habitants trouvent une certaine facilité pour faire leurs courses et accéder aux services disponibles dans leur quartier. Ces lieux semblent autonomes et autosuffisants, offrant un cadre de vie qui facilite la vie quotidienne de leurs habitants. Cet aspect est également renforcé par la proximité des équipements scolaires, de l’école maternelle au lycée secondaire.

paraboliques et d’unités de climatisation extérieures mais, ainsi que l’état vétuste des cages d’esca- lier, et, dans certains cas la structure de certains immeubles. Fig. 11: Appropriations des logements par les habitants et transformations des fagades des immeubles collectifs a El Menzah 1 et a la Cité Mahragene, source : auteure

Fig. 12: Actions citoyennes de nettoyage et d'embellissement entreprises par les habitants des deux quar- tiers, source : « les amis d’El Menzah »

Conscients que la société civile a un rdle a jouer dans ce « projet » de réhabilitation urbaine et architecturale, l’association docomomo Tunisie a organisé le 10 juin 2023 une action”® de sensibili- sation sur la valeur historique et patrimoniale du quartier d’E] Menzah (voir fig.11). Outre le par- tage de connaissances sur ce quartier, l’objectif était également de réunir les acteurs locaux (le dé- légué d’El Menzah, les anciens maires de la commune et le collectif des citoyens) atour d’une ren- contre-débat : E] Menzah, comment agir ? L’approche participative et collaborative entre la société civile, les représentants des autorités compétentes et les habitants pourrait apporter des réponses a l’avenir de ce quartier et plaider en faveur de sa valorisation et de sa gestion a court, moyen et long terme. Cette action pourrait étre reproduite a la cité Mahragene afin de sensibiliser les habi- tants a sa valeur historique et a l’importance de sa préservation. Fig. 13: Article « Il faut sauver El Menzah » de Alya Hamza dans le journal la presse pour promouvoir l’action de docomomo Tunisie « El Menzah 1945-1940 : essai d’application d’un idéal moderne », source : journal La presse

The Medina of Tunis, located on a ferti nings of the Arab-Muslim cities of the M e plain in north-east Tunisia, bears witness to the begin- aghreb, dating back to 698 A.D. As the center of great dynasties, it reflects the interaction between the architecture, town planning and socio-cultural and economic influence of past civilisations. Covering 280 hectares, the Medina comprises the central medina dating from the 8th century and the 13th-century. Its souks, urban fabric, residential quar- ters and monuments of the best-preserved prototypes in the Islamic world. Our study is settled on residential neighborhoods. It is located near the Tourbet el Bey at 36°North latitude, 10° East lon- gitude and an elevation of 12 m above. Fig. 1. Typical plan view of study settlement of Tunis Medina

The weather data results generated by the WEATHER TOOL of our study site are given in fig- ures 2 and 3. Fig. 2. Annual and Distribution of annual hourly dry-bulb temperature of Tunis Medina.

Fig.4 Effects of six passive design techniques: thermal mass effects, solar heating, exposed mass & night purge ventilation, direct evaporative cooling, natural ventilation, and indirect evaporative cooling. (Benzarti et al., 2016)

Fig.6. Solar radiation distribution of south- west cluster in the summer period. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the distribution of solar radiation within the southwest cluster during the summer and winter periods. Figure 5 shows the daily average solar radiation distribution withir the southwest cluster, providing insight into the impact of urban form on external environmenta radiation. Observations from Figure 5 highlight a decrease in solar radiation across the planning area during winter, with wider streets receiving more solar radiation, while courtyards and narrow streets receive less sunlight than in crossroads due to significant building shading. The grapl shows that the cumulative solar radiation intensity in the outdoor environment ranges betweer 32000Wh and 54000 WH, indicating an uncomfortable thermal quality during the winter seasons On the other side, Figure 6 illustrates a more comfortable environment in courtyards and narrow streets during the summer period, due to their specific morphology. Narrow streets and urbar Q2 (deep red), direct evaporative cooling (purple), natural ventilation (orange-red), and indirect evap- orative cooling (green) (Benzarti Ghedas, Picd, and Jemni 2017), (Chan, Riffat, and Zhu 2010), (Geetha and Velra 2013), (Heidarinejad et al. 2009). A yellow-colored zone signifies the comfort zone, determined by factors like relative humidity, air and radiation temperatures, and airflow velocity. Individuals engaged in sedentary activities experience natural comfort within this zone without requiring additional heating or air conditioning (Benzarti Ghedas, Picd, and Jemni 2017). An analysis of the Tunis climate reveals an ambient temperature below the comfort threshold, em- phasizing the necessity of adopting appropriate passive strategies. Yang's work emphasizes the importance of using suitable passive strategies to reduce the operational costs of mechanical sys- tems. The highlighted lines in Figure 4 are the passive design strategies: exposed mass and night purge ventilation, passive solar heating, and natural ventilation, identified as most conducive to ensuring thermal comfort in the Tunis climate.

Fig. 7. Plan and section view illustrating the solar orbit projection and shade distribution of southwest clusters at 12h am on at the summer solstice. canyons provide mutual shading, while patio facades provide shading, creating a comfortable en- vironment during periods of intense sunshine. The researchers found that the ratio of building height to street width (H/W) and the orientation of the sun significantly influence the thermal en- vironment of the street and consequently the thermal sensation of people. As a result, the old urban morphology significantly improves outdoor comfort during the hottest periods. However, ad- dressing thermal comfort in wider streets, where it is more difficult to ensure comfort in summer, requires efficient solutions such as galleries. Planting trees in crossroads is recommended to reduce discomfort caused by intense canopy exposure (Ali-Toudert and Mayer, 2007).

Fig. 10. The distribution of wind frequency, direc- tion, and velocity respectively in summer. Fig. 11. The distribution of wind frequency, di- rection, and velocity respectively in winter. In Figure 10, the main wind direction in summer is from the east, corresponding to the Levantine wind, which blows from the western Mediterranean Sea at a speed of 15 km/h for 80 hours in the summer period. This wind provides a natural cooling effect and humidity to ancient dwellings, contributing to a reduction in urban atmospheric temperature without any energy consumption, as noted by (Sato et al., 2008). Traditional dwellings consist of two buffer spaces: the main buffer associated with the entrance and a secondary space accessed through a baffle. The second buffer, when the entrance door is open, has a large opening that allows air circulation, which significantly improves the indoor environment in summer. In addition, the patio design promotes the use of ocal winds by incorporating double openings in the vertical facades, facilitating indoor airflow for improved comfort. This passive strategy optimizes natural ventilation by allowing cool air to enter through the bottom opening and hot air to exit through the top, effectively reducing temperatures, particularly in summer. It is worth noting, however, that the top opening can contribute to heat oss through the external facades in winter. In Figure 11, the prevailing winds during the winter period are from the west and south-west, identified as the Ponente and Libeccio winds respectively, with a speed of 20km/h. The design, including high streets and low windows on the vertical sur- faces of the courtyard, acts as a shield against these prevailing winds. Ventilation serves as an an- cient yet effective strategy, demonstrating how the design of ancient habitats was tailored to their climate, as illustrated by these wind patterns and their impact on the architecture's response to climatic needs especially in the summer period. wind, which blows from the western Mediterranean Sea at a speed of 15 km/h for 80 hours in the

This competition was initiated by the United States Department of Energy to design and build “zero energy” buildings applying a methodology organized in the following ten challenges, also called contests. The project is conducted in close relation with the professional world, as the design is done in collaboration with the various project stakeholders. This approach confronts the students with the realities of an actual project, never considered in the curriculum. The architect helps with orientat- ing the team of students during the conceptual design to ensure the architectural solution is ade- quate for the client or market and integrates the various constraints such as local materials or in- vestment, operating and maintenance costs, which are all innovative compared with the ENAU curriculum. The budget is managed based on calculations of cost and return on investment of a zero-energy design - initially costlier, but cheaper in the long run. Financial aspects are essential and it is key to develop the students’ mental agility vis-a-vis investment costs versus operating versus maintenance costs, and the concepts of return on investment. A mastery of these concepts are essential to the future architects’ capacity to convince clients of the worthiness of eco-designs’ higher upfront costs in exchange for lower long-term costs.

The Market Analysis challenge teaches the students to negotiate and research information re- lated to the costs of the various project elements in order to compare them with the overall project costs, evaluate trade-offs and select which elements to invest in. Several complimentary software are made available to the team for the duration of the competi- tion, allowing for the evaluation of the life cycles of materials and their impact on the environment and the testing of various alternatives. The best option is then selected based on thermal properties, carbon footprint and environmental impact. The software allowed for energy models to be run for various heating and cooling options. The Market Analysis challenge teaches the students to negotiate and research information re-

tation to a jury. The figure below provides further details on deliverables and timelines. Fig 16: Deliverables and Timelines In terms of process, the design competition includes 3 major submittal steps. The first submittal consists of a short summary that is not compulsory but recommended to get acquainted with the requirements of the project and various challenges. Initial target energy consumption values have to be shared at this early stage. The second submittal consist of an updated project summary, the key design concept elements as well as the planned activities and timeline for completion. Finally. the last submittal includes a completed package of design narrative, drawings and other appen- dices highlighting how the project addresses the various challenges listed. The last elements are related to presentation & communication videos and slides, submitted ahead of the formal presen-

Though this experience was undeniably enriching at all levels, it remained arduous with results that could be improved: finalist stage in 2021, pitch-stage in 2022 and semi-finalists in 2023. The challenges are firstly due to the high degree of involvement of faculty members. The competition effort had to be performed on top of the faculty’s existing teaching workload, because it was not part of a curriculum. Fig 17: Office Building Project 2021. Perspective and Solar analysis

In the review meeting conducted with all the faculty leads at the end of the competition, whom the SD management team called “the heroes in the shadow”, all participants had the same conclu- sion: in addition to the intrinsic difficulties of managing as large and diverse teams (for example 19 students and 6 faculty were involved in the 2021 project team), even the smallest project remains complex with significant work to be accomplished (we estimate 100-350 hours for the faculty lead). All faculty leads agree that the competition should be, whenever possible be integrated in the cur- riculum’s studio in order to maximize the chances of finishing the project, satisfying clients as much as possible, and possibly winning the competition. SD managers are currently strongly suggesting that this occurs wherever possible. Secondly, for the ENAU students, the participation at the competition required between 100-250 hours of work depending on whether the project reached the final or not. This is due to the com- plexity of the project that must go through multiple iterative processes and to the size of the teams. This extra-load conflicted with their curriculum’s study and submittal requirements. The feedback from competition participants was that the team that worked more comfortably were the ones that had included the project in their curriculum. hours of work depending on whether the project reached the final or not. This is due to the com- In the review meeting conducted with all the faculty leads at the end of the competition, whom eee IID IE I Thirdly in the case of Tunisia, the difficulty resides in the context and unequal work and study environments compared with other countries: (i) little to no high performing materials available on the Tunisian market, (ii) when materials exist, there is no or insufficient information provided by the industry for use in calculations, (iii) there are no software cutting-edge and/or “add-ons” or complementary applications, (iv) there is little to no experience with energy-related software, and (v) weak regulatory framework.

A titre d’exemples de l’applicabilité du principe de la flexibilité et de la réversibilité fonctionnelle et structurelle, nous citons le projet B.R.I.C” construit dans la région Bruxelloise en Belgique (Fig.2). Il s‘agit d’un projet réalisé a l’EFP* selon le principe d’un batiment qui sera montable, démontable et évolutif en termes d’usage. 180 éleves du centre ont participé a la réalisation de ce batiment. Ce projet a duré trois ans durant lesquels il a changé d’usage. La premiere année, le batiment a servi a une activité tertiaire (des bureaux). La seconde année, le batiment a abrité une activité commer- ciale et la troisieme année, un laboratoire d'acoustique. La surface du batiment a évolué de 70 m? 4120 m2 3.1.2. Utilisation des matériaux circulaires : Reemploi, réutilisation et/ou recyclage des maté- iaux:

Fig. 3. Le projet The Resource Rows au Danemark 3.1.3. Optimisation du stock bati :

Fig. 4. Le projet Circle House

Fig. 5. 3D de la rénovation de la tour Montparnasse a Paris Fig. 6. Rénovation de I’Institut botanique Proceedings of Engineering & Technology-PET-Vol 81

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