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Fig. 20. SDN agent for the evolutionary network architecture.

Figure 20 SDN agent for the evolutionary network architecture.

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Fig. 1. a) Handover scenario in current wireless networks; b) Handover scenario in future wireless networks.
Fig. 1. a) Handover scenario in current wireless networks; b) Handover scenario in future wireless networks.
Fig. 2. Legacy handover preparation signaling for Inter-RAT HO (5G NGC to EPS) [15].
Fig. 2. Legacy handover preparation signaling for Inter-RAT HO (5G NGC to EPS) [15].
Fig. 3. Legacy handover preparation signaling for Inter-RAT HO (LTE to UMTS/2G) [2].
Fig. 3. Legacy handover preparation signaling for Inter-RAT HO (LTE to UMTS/2G) [2].
Fig. 4. Legacy handover failure signaling for Inter-RAT HO (5G NGC and EPS) [15].
Fig. 4. Legacy handover failure signaling for Inter-RAT HO (5G NGC and EPS) [15].
Fig. 6. Proposed Handover signaling sequence for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS.
Fig. 6. Proposed Handover signaling sequence for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS.
Fig. 7. Proposed Handover cancel phase signaling for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS.
Fig. 7. Proposed Handover cancel phase signaling for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS.
Fig. 8. Proposed Handover rejection phase signaling for Inter-RAT HO from LTE to UMTS/2G network when there is a S-GW relocation and indirect tunneling exists.
Fig. 8. Proposed Handover rejection phase signaling for Inter-RAT HO from LTE to UMTS/2G network when there is a S-GW relocation and indirect tunneling exists.
Fig. 9. Handover failure aware Handover preparation Signaling for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS
Fig. 9. Handover failure aware Handover preparation Signaling for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS
Fig. 10. Optimal proposed Handover rejection phase signaling sequence for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS.
Fig. 10. Optimal proposed Handover rejection phase signaling sequence for Inter-RAT HO from 5G NGC to EPS.
Fig. 11. Handover failure aware Handover preparation Signaling for Inter-RAT HO from LTE-EPC to UMTS/2G when there is indirect tunneling and S-GW relocation occurs.
Fig. 11. Handover failure aware Handover preparation Signaling for Inter-RAT HO from LTE-EPC to UMTS/2G when there is indirect tunneling and S-GW relocation occurs.
Fig. 12. Optimal proposed Handover rejection phase signaling sequence for Inter-RAT HO from LTE-EPC to UMTS/2G when there is indirect tunneling and S-GW relocation occurs.
Fig. 12. Optimal proposed Handover rejection phase signaling sequence for Inter-RAT HO from LTE-EPC to UMTS/2G when there is indirect tunneling and S-GW relocation occurs.
LINK TYPE AND CORRESPONDING DELAYS IN PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE (DERIVED FROM A JAPANESE OPERATOR [36] AND CISCO DATA [37])
LINK TYPE AND CORRESPONDING DELAYS IN PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE (DERIVED FROM A JAPANESE OPERATOR [36] AND CISCO DATA [37])
LINK TYPE AND CORRESPONDING DELAYS IN PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE (DERIVED FROM A GREEK OPERATOR AND CISCO DATA [37])
LINK TYPE AND CORRESPONDING DELAYS IN PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE (DERIVED FROM A GREEK OPERATOR AND CISCO DATA [37])
PREPARATION PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-JAPAN)
PREPARATION PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-JAPAN)
PREPARATION PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-GREECE) TABLE VI
PREPARATION PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-GREECE) TABLE VI
FAILURE PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-JAPAN)
FAILURE PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-JAPAN)
FAILURE PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-GREECE) TABLE VIII
FAILURE PHASE: HANDOVER LATENCY IMPROVEMENT ANALYSIS (CISCO AND CELLULAR OPERATOR-GREECE) TABLE VIII
Fig. 15. Handover failure scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Japanese operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIII). Fig. 13. Handover preparation scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Japanese operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIID.
Fig. 15. Handover failure scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Japanese operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIII). Fig. 13. Handover preparation scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Japanese operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIID.
Fig. 14. Handover preparation scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Greek operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIID. Fig. 16. Handover failure scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Greek operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V- VIII).
Fig. 14. Handover preparation scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Greek operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIID. Fig. 16. Handover failure scenario: Transmission cost analysis for the Greek operator deployment (X axis notations have been re-utilized from Tables V- VIII).
BThe notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIII; The processing cost, defined in Section VI.1, is the number of CN messages Y The percentage saving over the values obtained with the proposed mechanism in Tables V, VII, IX, X and Figs.15 and 17. HANDOVER FAILURE AWARE SIGNALING DESIGN ANALYSIS
BThe notations have been re-utilized from Tables V-VIII; The processing cost, defined in Section VI.1, is the number of CN messages Y The percentage saving over the values obtained with the proposed mechanism in Tables V, VII, IX, X and Figs.15 and 17. HANDOVER FAILURE AWARE SIGNALING DESIGN ANALYSIS
PROCESSING COST ANALYSIS FOR HANDOVER FAILURE PHASE
PROCESSING COST ANALYSIS FOR HANDOVER FAILURE PHASE
PROCESSING COST ANALYSIS FOR HANDOVER PREPARATION PHASE
PROCESSING COST ANALYSIS FOR HANDOVER PREPARATION PHASE
MESSAGE SIZE COMPUTATION: INTER-RAT HO FROM LTE TO UMTS/2G WHEN S-GW IS RELOCATED AND INDIRECT TUNNELING EXISTS and their sizes in bytes for the HO preparation signaling corresponding to the scenario when there is an Inter-RAT HO from LTE to UMTS/2G and S-GW relocation along side indirect tunneling occurs. For the analysis, the message sizes corresponding to the legacy and proposed mechanism were constructed utilizing the data provided in 3GPP specifications [2], [21]-[23], [25], [26], [28], [39], [40], wireshark traces [41] and ITU ASN.1 specifications [42] (for the data types and sizes of the IEs). Through the analysis, it was deduced that since the number of messages in the proposed mechanism is reduced as compared to the legacy mechanism, the number of bytes for message headers is also reduced. Concretely, since each mes- sage that is passed through the network consists of a message header, specifying source and destination addresses/identifiers, etc., a reduction in the number of messages will also mean that there is a corresponding decrease in the amount of header that traverses through the network. mechanism for the scenarios under observation (Table XIII).
MESSAGE SIZE COMPUTATION: INTER-RAT HO FROM LTE TO UMTS/2G WHEN S-GW IS RELOCATED AND INDIRECT TUNNELING EXISTS and their sizes in bytes for the HO preparation signaling corresponding to the scenario when there is an Inter-RAT HO from LTE to UMTS/2G and S-GW relocation along side indirect tunneling occurs. For the analysis, the message sizes corresponding to the legacy and proposed mechanism were constructed utilizing the data provided in 3GPP specifications [2], [21]-[23], [25], [26], [28], [39], [40], wireshark traces [41] and ITU ASN.1 specifications [42] (for the data types and sizes of the IEs). Through the analysis, it was deduced that since the number of messages in the proposed mechanism is reduced as compared to the legacy mechanism, the number of bytes for message headers is also reduced. Concretely, since each mes- sage that is passed through the network consists of a message header, specifying source and destination addresses/identifiers, etc., a reduction in the number of messages will also mean that there is a corresponding decrease in the amount of header that traverses through the network. mechanism for the scenarios under observation (Table XIII).
¢The notations have been re-utilized from Table V-VIII The analytical results in Table XIII reinforce the fact that HO scenarios in which S-GW or S-GW and SeMMU relocation occurs are optimized more than the other scenarios. While scenario 1.Y.b’ in Table XIII has a 4.25% reduction in the total to complete t and 2.x regis bytes that would be transferred over the CN he signaling sequence, scenarios 1.X.a’, 1.X.a* ter a reduction of 10.56%, 9.87% and 9.69% respectively. The aforementioned results also illustrate that the proposed mec the number o thus enhancin hanism, irrespective of the HO scenario, reduces f bytes that would be transferred over the CN, g the network performance as it will have lesser bytes to trans fer across the network as well as to process.
¢The notations have been re-utilized from Table V-VIII The analytical results in Table XIII reinforce the fact that HO scenarios in which S-GW or S-GW and SeMMU relocation occurs are optimized more than the other scenarios. While scenario 1.Y.b’ in Table XIII has a 4.25% reduction in the total to complete t and 2.x regis bytes that would be transferred over the CN he signaling sequence, scenarios 1.X.a’, 1.X.a* ter a reduction of 10.56%, 9.87% and 9.69% respectively. The aforementioned results also illustrate that the proposed mec the number o thus enhancin hanism, irrespective of the HO scenario, reduces f bytes that would be transferred over the CN, g the network performance as it will have lesser bytes to trans fer across the network as well as to process.
Fig. 18. Network wide occupation time analysis. Fig. 17. Network wide processing cost analysis.
Fig. 18. Network wide occupation time analysis. Fig. 17. Network wide processing cost analysis.
Fig. 19. Proposed evolutionary network architecture.
Fig. 19. Proposed evolutionary network architecture.
Fig. 21. SDN-enabled Mobility Management unit (SeMMu) architectural framework.
Fig. 21. SDN-enabled Mobility Management unit (SeMMu) architectural framework.
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