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Performing a change of variables the ~ and ¢ integrals can be factored. If, further, the betatron phase is approximated as varying linearly near the interaction point, so that y(t)~ct /By—@9Q,t (modulo nT), then the Hamiltonian can be written as

Figure 1 Performing a change of variables the ~ and ¢ integrals can be factored. If, further, the betatron phase is approximated as varying linearly near the interaction point, so that y(t)~ct /By—@9Q,t (modulo nT), then the Hamiltonian can be written as