Performance evaluation of blockchains in the internet of things

IINTEC 2018, 2018

In a few short years the Internet of Things has become an intrinsic part of everyday life, with connected devices included in products created for homes, cars and even medical equipment. But its rapid growth has created several security problems, with respect to the transmission and storage of vast amounts of customers data, across an insecure heterogeneous collection of networks. The Internet of Things is therefore creating a unique set of risk and problems that will affect most households. From breaches in confidentiality, which could allow users to be snooped on, through to failures in integrity, which could lead to consumer data being compromised; devices are presenting many security challenges to which consumers are ill equipped to protect themselves from. Moreover, when this is coupled with the heterogeneous nature of the industry, and the interoperable and scalability problems it becomes apparent that the Internet of Things has created an increased attack surface from which security vulnerabilities may be easily exploited. However, it has been conjectured that blockchain may provide a solution to the Internet of Things security and scalability problems. Because of blockchain's immutability, integrity and scalability, it is possible that its architecture could be used for the storage and transfer of Internet of Things data. Within this paper a cross section of blockchain consensus protocols have been assessed against a requirement framework, to establish each consensus protocols strengths and weaknesses with respect to their potential implementation in an Internet of Things blockchain environment.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2019

Blockchain (BC) in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel technology that acts with decentralized, distributed, public and real-time ledger to store transactions among IoT nodes. A blockchain is a series of blocks, each block is linked to its previous blocks. Every block has the cryptographic hash code, previous block hash, and its data. The transactions in BC are the basic units that are used to transfer data between IoT nodes. The IoT nodes are different kind of physical but smart devices with embedded sensors, actuators, programs and able to communicate with other IoT nodes. The role of BC in IoT is to provide a procedure to process secured records of data through IoT nodes. BC is a secured technology that can be used publicly and openly. IoT requires this kind of technology to allow secure communication among IoT nodes in heterogeneous environment. The transactions in BC could be traced and explored through anyone who are authenticated to communicate within the IoT. The BC in IoT may help to improve the communication security. In this paper, I explored this approach, its opportunities and challenges.

Proceedings of the 23nd ACM on Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies

One of the biggest challenges for the Internet of Things (IoT) is to bridge the currently fragmented trust domains. The traditional PKI model relies on a common root of trust and does not fit well with the heterogeneous IoT ecosystem where constrained devices belong to independent administrative domains. In this work we describe a distributed trust model for the IoT that leverages the existing trust domains and bridges them to create endto-end trust between IoT devices without relying on any common root of trust. Furthermore we define a new cryptographic primitive, denoted as obligation chain designed as a credit-based Blockchain with a built-in reputation mechanism. Its innovative design enables a wide range of use cases and business models that are simply not possible with current Blockchain-based solutions while not experiencing traditional blockchain delays. We provide a security analysis for both the obligation chain and the overall architecture and provide experimental tests that show its viability and quality.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET, 2020

Through the years, the blockchain has procured too much traction from the core technology in place. Blockchain is used in various areas like medical record keeping, equity trading, supply chain, immutable data backup systems etc. The Internet of Things (IoT) deals with the interactions between the present day smart devices to procure data and take decisions usually without user intervention to automate tasks. With such a network of variety of sensors and interconnected electronics, the collection of information in our world can be achieved at a very detailed level. Such digital knowledge will help in delivering services that are advanced in a wide scope of application domains including smart city services and healthcare. This incrementally diverse collection, processing of data related to private lives of people giving rise to serious security and privacy issues. The problem with IoT devise is , lower amount of computing power, limited storage capacity and considerably low network bandwidth. This makes them very likely to get attacked and misused. This paper addresses crucial issues related to the security of IOT and explores ways in which integration of blockchain might solve them. The issues that have yet not been tackled post the implementation of the blockchain have also been stated. I. INTRODUCTION IoT has achieved huge adoption due to its integration in cities and homes consided to be smart round the world. IoT is all about collection and processing of user related data. This information can be utilised to provide a range of personalised and sophisticated user services. But at the same time this data can be utilised algorithmically to develop a virtual biography of our doings, revaling behaviour and lifestyle data. The devices in IoT may be controlled remotely over networks that use the standardised communication flows. Connectivity between the systems is increasing with increasing popularity of IoT, and also the complication of computing infrastructure is increasing. This leads to a development of loopholes for the cyber threats. Commonly, the IoT systems are present in unsafe environments. This makes them exposed to the hackers and hence its easy for the information to get altered over network's transmission. So, the data access needs to be seriously looked upon. This is where blockchain as the technology can be implemented with its features to find a solution to various problems occurring due to the IOT systems.It maintains a distributed store of records called as immutable ledger. In such a ledger, the work can be verified between the nodes of the network derived from the third party. It helps in finding a solution to the issue of having a common point of failure. The records of transaction containing network data are not variable and could be found out from the previous history of the network of IOT systems which fasciliatates in finally gaining public's trust on the network of IOT systems. This trust plays a major part in execution of transactions that are financial and public in nature, leading to the creation of a new land of economy of distribution in the domain of IOT.

arXiv (Cornell University), 2023

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices is being implemented in many fields like military, health care, smart environments, etc. where such devices or things may gather, process, and upload a huge amount of data to the internet, which can lead to many challenges in terms of keeping IoT secure, protecting the IoT from disclosure to unauthorized parties, ensuring information integrity and so on. Such challenges can be addressed by BlockChain (BC) technology. This paper provides a comprehensive and high-level technical overview of BC technology by creating a common language through business and technology about BC to adapt it to the specific needs of IoT in order to develop BC-based IoT (BC-IoT) applications. Then an overview of a BC technology, its architectures, classification, challenges, etc. is presented. Finally, some recommendations are provided to researchers that will have to be tackled before deploying the next generation of IoT applications based on BC technology.

2021

Blockchain is one of the emerging technologies which builds trust and transparency to an industry where transactional progressions plays a major role. In this digital transformation era of business, Internet of Things (IoT) is an additional trending technology that denotes to the billions of physical devices around the world that are associated to the internet, assembling and distribution of data. In this paper we project our work by using Hyperledger Fabric, an open source blockchain framework, and the WatsonTM IoT platform through Node-RED to handling the assortment of data on a distributed network unchangeably. The aim of this investigation goal is to design a proof of concept for equally Blockchain and IoT. Rather than developing an application with complete abilities, our resolution will be much more reasonable and informative. This paper can be stretched and improved according to new-fangled business representations by adding new organizations to the distributed network and em...

Blockchain Technology is becoming familiar day by day in every domain. It is emerging technology which considered as highly disruptive then the internet. It has gained widespread attention by developers, researchers, testers, social media, students, programmers, businesses and many more due to its potentials. Blockchain is considered as an incorruptible open and digital ledger in economic transaction. It is a new trust machine considered on internet. The paper aims in providing a brief data on Blockchain, Characteristics and features of blockchain, its pros and cons, and future of blockchain.

International Journal of Computer Applications, 2020

Internet of Things is widely used in various sectors in recent years, due to its efficiency, scalability, feasibility, etc. Thus, need such type of network infrastructure for reducing the human effort from unwanted work like household chores, information gathers or repeated work, etc. That is possible from the Internet of Things. Internet of Things is a collection of smart nodes that collect the data and produce a result by systematically analyzed them. Therefore it can reduce the dependability from humans and expect the best result in any worst condition. Now the Internet of Things is a rapidly growing industry in the world and also there are lots of vulnerability have occurred in recent years. Thus, need to secure Internet of Things nodes during communicating between each other device as well as saving or processing information, without precaution from the attacks, it cannot safe, sensitive information from the attacker, because enhancing of technology there will be increased computational overhead. Therefore, need security measures like Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Nonrepudiation, Availability, etc. in any transactions of IoT devices. And such security measures can provide now the only Blockchain technology. And it can safe from the attacker's intention. Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that overcomes the data's tamper and provides the availability from its decentralization environment. This technology can use in the IoT environment to protect them from malicious, unauthorized user/node and make it able to take action against them. In this study, introduced the concept of a secure IoT node's transaction through Blockchain technology.

Wireless Personal Communications, 2019

Blockchain (BC) represents a distributed ledger technology that has been utilized for providing security and privacy in distributed networks. This makes it applicable to the distributed nature of IoT, which still suffers from privacy and security vulnerabilities. However, the core BC technology is computationally expensive and commonly involves high bandwidth overhead and delays not suitable for IoT related scenarios. In order to foster the synergy between BC and IoT, recent research advancements have specifically focused on developing novel BC approaches that are tailored to the requirements and needs of the specific IoT use cases. The paper elaborates the BC-IoT related issues and provides a comprehensive survey of the current literature and relevant initiated deployments. The paper also identifies the key research and development challenges and discusses the possible aspects for future research.

2021

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a heterogeneous network of interconnected objects or ‘things’ that are typically connected via the Internet. Trust in most IoT networks is presumed implicitly. This implicit trust assumption can be abused by adversaries to disrupt the network and manipulate reputations of trusted devices. To tackle IoT trust issues, we use permissioned blockchains that utilize Smart Contracts (executable policies) to evaluate and refine IoT devices’ trust. Blockchains replicate a permanent append-only record of all transactions occurring on a network on multiple devices. This prevents adversaries from modifying previous transactions to influence trust evaluations. In this thesis, we propose an IoT trust model that uses Blockchains to record and validate IoT devices’ identities and dynamically evaluates the trustworthiness of devices in the IoT network. Moreover, our model allows for different levels of security based on the sensitivity of data being transmitted across...