Quantum gravity paper

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2020

We show that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum derives directly from Maxwell's theory and plays a primary role in quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology. It corresponds to the electromagnetic field ground state at zero frequency, a zero-energy cosmic field permeating all of space. We show that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum is composed of real states, called kenons (vacuum), and that photons are local oscillations of kenons guided by a non-local vector potential wave function. They propagate at the speed imposed by the vacuum electric permittivity 0  and magnetic permeability 0  , which are intrinsic properties of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. The electron-positron elementary charge derives naturally from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. We establish the masse-charge equivalence relation showing that the masses of all particles (leptons, mesons, baryons) and antiparticles are states of the elementary charges and their magnetic moments. The equivalence between Newton's gravitational law and Coulomb's electrostatic law results naturally. In addition, we show that the gravitational constant G is explicitly expressed by the electromagnetic quantum vacuum constants putting in evidence the electromagnetic nature of gravity. Furthermore, we draw that G is the same for matter and antimatter but gravitational forces should be repulsive between particles and antiparticles because their masses bear naturally opposite signs. The electromagnetic quantum vacuum appears to be the natural link between quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology and constitutes a basic step towards a unified field theory. Dark Energy and Dark Matter might originate from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum fluctuations. The calculated electromagnetic vacuum energy density, related to the cosmological constant considered responsible for the cosmic acceleration, is in good agreement with the astrophysical observations. However, the cosmic acceleration may be due to both the quantum vacuum fluctuations as well as to the matter-antimatter gravitational repelling. All the above results have been obtained without stating any assumptions or making postulates. Next, we analyze the possibility that gravitation is due to the electromagnetic quantum vacuum pressure at the characteristic collective oscillation frequencies of the charge densities composing the bodies. Finally, we advance the hypothesis that energy, matter and antimatter in the universe emerge spontaneously from the quantum vacuum fluctuations as residues that remain stable in space and we present the main principles upon which a new cosmological model may be developed overcoming the well-known Big Bang issues.

Foundations of Physics Letters, 2002

We suggest that quantum mechanics and gravity are intimately related. In particular, we investigate the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation in the case of two free particles and show that the quantum potential, which is attractive, may generate the gravitational potential. The investigation, related to the formulation of quantum mechanics based on the equivalence postulate, is based on the analysis of the reduced action. A consequence of this approach is that the quantum potential is always non-trivial even in the case of the free particle. It plays the role of intrinsic energy and may in fact be at the origin of fundamental interactions. We pursue this idea, by making a preliminary investigation of whether there exists a set of solutions for which the quantum potential can be expressed with a gravitational potential leading term which alone would remain in the limith → 0. A number of questions are raised for further investigation.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 2013

In the paper, the outline of a new quantum theory of gravitation is presented. The energetic states of a material body, stable and unstable, are described. Characteristics of a body motion in a gravitation-inertia space-time has been given. It has been proved that all the time both gravitation and inertia are co-existent, independent on the position of a moving object. This is the reason of that twolink name of the space-time. A thorough in-depth analysis of the problem made it possible to state that so called the law of common gravity is a hyperbolic approximation of a proper course of inertia force. Therefore the mentioned courses have only two common points. One of them, the initial point belongs also to the course line of the gravity force, constant on the whole length of space-time. This theory is adequate in character and thus generally does not corresponds with the existent classical theory of gravitation.

A certain generalization of Maxwell equations was proposed in [1]. It implies the use of total time derivatives instead of the partial ones. A partial solution of this system was found for the case of the fields induced by electric charges. The scalar product of electric fields created by different charges determines their interaction energy, and the vector product of their magnetic fields determines their interaction impulse. Having calculated interaction energy gradient, we obtain interaction force as Huygens understood it, and having calculated impulse total time derivative, we obtain Newton’s interaction force. It turns out that these forces’ physical meaning and mathematical description essentially differ. The gradient part depends on the product of charges’ velocities, and is equal to zero if at least one of the charges is at rest. This part incorporates force formulas proposed earlier by Ampere, Whittaker and Lorentz. The last one is usually defined by interaction of a certain charge, called “test charge” and the fields induced by the other charge. Actually it coincides with force formula proposed earlier by Grassmann. The proposed formula, in contrast to Lorentz formula, satisfies Newton’s third law. The second Newtonian part of the force formula depends on the product of the differences of the charge velocities and accelerations. Therefore it predicts interaction, in particular, between moving and standing charges, in addition to Coulomb force. It contains terms proposed earlier for force description by Gauss and Weber. As in the case of the Lorentz force formula, it adds terms that make the Gauss and Weber force symmetric. A certain part of this force is inverse in squared light velocity c2 and a part of it is inverse in c3. Apparently these items are essential for the electroweak interaction. This appendix is devoted to a similar investigation of gravitational forces created by moving masses. Corresponding fields are described by Maxwell type equations in which first time derivatives are changed for the second ones. One can say that Electricity is a field of velocities and gravity is a field of accelerations. Solutions of such a system are used to construct interaction energy and interaction impulse. The gradient of the scalar product of corresponding gravitational fields, and second time derivative of vector product of gravimagnetic fields, turn out to give accurate analogs of electrodynamic interaction. But here forces depend not only on velocities and accelerations, but also on third and fourth derivatives as well.

This paper follows the earlier paper Part I: Veringa, H.J. (September 2016), New Basic Theory of Gravity, Journal of Modern Physics 7 (1818-1828) in which a new model to describe the gravitational interaction between particles and its consequences on the attractive force between two masses is proposed. The basis for the analysis is a merger of Quantum theory and Relativity. Nowhere in the analysis there is any need to deviate from well proven and successful concepts of both theories and rules of calculation, and no exotic new particles will have to be introduced. By doing so it is demonstrated that, next to its local interactions of a multi-particle system, the Schrödinger equation leads to pairs of two and only two members. This solution is used as the invariant term in the quantized Einstein energy equation which gives gravitational interactions between members of the pairs. With this particular solution for the quantum-mechanical wave function it is found that gravity is a second order effect operating over a long range. The emphasis of this paper is on the more precise justification of some of the basic assumptions made, on the historical context into which it should be placed, how it affects the ordering of our immediate environment and works on a cosmological scale. It is also found that the generator of gravity is contributing mass to particles that have gravitational interaction. This contribution is therefore related to cosmological parameters and will be further elucidated. 1. Introduction This paper elaborates on the analyses made in an earlier publication published in September 2016 [1]. It was shown that the Schrödinger equation in free space and outside the influences of local interactions has a special solution for the wave equation of an ensemble of two particles. The two participants, or members, of this ensemble are shown to be connected into a pair which has to be seen as a pair potential, or a " generator " creating a sub-space, that manifests itself in the surroundings. Essential for this analysis is the assumed spherical symmetry. This pair potential is interpreted as the relativistically invariant mass density for a field to be described by the quantized Einstein equation known as the " Klein Gordon " (KG) equation. Quantization means that in the energy equation, as in this case the Einstein energy equation, the parameters like energy, momentum and the pair potential are replaced by their corresponding operators and are working on a wave function. This KG equation is then solved for an undefined number of pairs and it is found that a simple solution is possible which leads to an energy dedicated to the field for which the pair is responsible. It is most surprising that this solution, together with the appropriate boundary condition, gives precisely the right dependences for the gravity law as it has been discovered by Newton a few centuries ago. The previous letter addresses the basic aspects, but some of the arguments can be expounded on and be put into a context of general insights into the micro-, as well as the macro cosmos. Then, later, some interesting clarifying analogies with daily life are offered. The analysis strongly connects with the famous debates between the founding fathers of Quantum theory and Relativity. Appreciation of these controversies shows that these historical, counter-intuitive, but at that time revolutionary, insights are all-important for the present development of the basic theory of gravity. When referring to formulas in the previous paper, Part I, the equations are indicated by (I.N).