Dissipation of pesticides during bread-making

Pesticide Science, 1999

Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgement, with full reference to the source along with use of the copyright symbol 0, the name IUPAC and the year of publication are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization. Synopsis: Prediction of pesticide residue intake in human diets is vital for approving the use of pesticides and for gaining official acceptance of pesticide residue levels which occur in food commodities in international trade.

Pest Management Science, 2004

Consumer risk assessment is a crucial step in the regulatory approval of pesticide use on food crops. Recently, an additional hurdle has been added to the formal consumer risk assessment process with the introduction of short-term intake or exposure assessment and a comparable short-term toxicity reference, the acute reference dose. Exposure to residues during one meal or over one day is important for short-term or acute intake. Exposure in the short term can be substantially higher than average because the consumption of a food on a single occasion can be very large compared with typical long-term or mean consumption and the food may have a much larger residue than average. Furthermore, the residue level in a single unit of a fruit or vegetable may be higher by a factor (defined as the variability factor, which we have shown to be typically ×3 for the 97.5th percentile unit) than the average residue in the lot. Available marketplace data and supervised residue trial data are examined in an investigation of the variability of residues in units of fruit and vegetables. A method is described for estimating the 97.5th percentile value from sets of unit residue data. Variability appears to be generally independent of the pesticide, the crop, crop unit size and the residue level. The deposition of pesticide on the individual unit during application is probably the most significant factor. The diets used in the calculations ideally come from individual and household surveys with enough consumers of each specific food to determine large portion sizes. The diets should distinguish the different forms of a food consumed, eg canned, frozen or fresh, because the residue levels associated with the different forms may be quite different. Dietary intakes may be calculated by a deterministic method or a probabilistic method. In the deterministic method the intake is estimated with the assumptions of large portion consumption of a ‘high residue’ food (high residue in the sense that the pesticide was used at the highest recommended label rate, the crop was harvested at the smallest interval after treatment and the residue in the edible portion was the highest found in any of the supervised trials in line with these use conditions). The deterministic calculation also includes a variability factor for those foods consumed as units (eg apples, carrots) to allow for the elevated residue in some single units which may not be seen in composited samples. In the probabilistic method the distribution of dietary consumption and the distribution of possible residues are combined in repeated probabilistic calculations to yield a distribution of possible residue intakes. Additional information such as percentage commodity treated and combination of residues from multiple commodities may be incorporated into probabilistic calculations. The IUPAC Advisory Committee on Crop Protection Chemistry has made 11 recommendations relating to acute dietary exposure. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

Indiscriminate use of pesticides to boost agricultural produce and in public health to control pests has raised the emphasis on pesticide residue levels in foods. This study analyzed the pesticides residue levels in some common food crops consumed in Nigeria, and ascertained their suitability for human consumption. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 15 organochlorine and 10 carbamate pesticide residues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The residual pesticides levels and hazard index in the different food crops were compared with WHO established maximum residual levels (MRL) for the pesticides. The results showed no detectable levels of pesticides in the yam samples. Beans samples, contained hexachlorobenzene and its median level (0.025 mg/kg) was greater than the MRL (0.01 mg/kg). A total of 14 (56%) different pesticides were detected in each of red and green apples, 10 (40%) in pepper and 3 (12%) in rice. The most occurring pesticides in the crops were propachlor, endosulfan-1 and hexachlorobenzene. The median pesticides contents in pepper were greater than their respective MRLs. Organochlorine pesticides are still being used in cultivation of crops, or in storage of food crops and also in some imported plant foods. Crop contents of pesticides found were below the estimated life time exposure (mg/kg/day) of 65 kg man as well as the hazard index of 1. This may pose no immediate risks to human health, but long term effects should be considered.

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1995

Total Diet Studies on pesticide residues in foods canied out in Italy in the last two decades are briefly summarized and data are discussed. Health risk assessment is expressed by the ratio tom1 intakeLXD1 (QADI ingested) for each compound and by the sum of the percentages of AD1 for each compound within the same class of pesticides. The total dietary intake of chlorinated pesticides, that was almost 100 % of AD1 in the years 1970-74, decreased down to 10% in the period 1978-84. This trend was confirmed for DDT in recent years, while data on Lindane and Heptachlor seem to be constant. As regards the organophosphorus pesticides the sum of the percentages of AD1 ingested for each compound, extrapolated from recent data (1990-1991) is about 20% and can be regarded as reasonably acceptable because the study included practically all the mainly used compounds. Only few data are available for some pesticides like dithiocarbamates. especially EBDCs and their derivatives (e.g. ETU), other carbamates (e.g. aldicarb), paraquat etc. Moreover, analytical methods for these compounds should be improved. The need for a considerable improvement in the number and organization of monitoring structures, in the use of standardized analytical procedures, in good laboratory practice standards and in the realibility of "monitoring protocols" and their homogeneity is evidenced.

2019

Pesticides are chemical substances which used to ensure high crop yields. From year to year the sales of plant protection products (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides) in agriculture are increasing. The use of pesticides during production often leads to the presence of pesticide residues in fruit after and during harvest. Exposure to food pesticide residues through the diet can negatively affect the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and respiratory system. For these reasons, monitoring the presence of pesticides in food is of great importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residues of pesticides in apples from Resen. The UPLC-TQ/MS method was used for determining pesticide residues. The pesticide residue is extracted with QuEChERS. From the total number of samples, it was noted that in the apples from the Evla location, the most abundant pesticide is chlorpyrifos with 20 %, then pyrimethanil and dimethoate with 13.33 %, in comparison with other pesticid...

Objective: Pesticides are used worldwide. They are applied during the growing season and part of the amount may remain in or on treated crop. Pesticides can drift to nearby areas and contaminate crops that were not treated. The MRLs are the maximum amount of a pesticide permitted in or on food (& feed), expressed in mg/kg or ppm and always defined for the active substance – crop combination. MRL should be set according to residue trials under Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) and under the condition that: Daily Consumer Intake < Acceptable Daily Intake. The residue definition of active substance is derived from plant and animal metabolism. Supervised trials are the primary source of information for estimating maximum residue levels and calculating International Estimated Daily Intake. The agricultural practice the worst-case situation should be used to generate data from supervised trials to define the MRL. As the number of controlled field tests, and hence the data for MRL proposal is not large, the usual statistical models are inappropriate. Methods: Two methods for calculating proposed pre-harvest intervals (PHI) and maximum residue levels are used. The first one (Rmax) has proved its worth in many cases since 1981, and the second (Rber) has been developed by the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Braunschweig/Germany. Both methods are described briefly. The first one is suitable for a larger number of data. It assumes a normal distribution of random variables, which are not always assumed with sufficient certainty. The second one uses a non-parametric distribution- and it is appropriate for more limited number of trials. Several case studies are discussed. The MRL Regulation on pesticide residues in food is a great progress towards better protection of children and consumer in general. Conclusions: Uniform criteria have to be used for evaluation of residue trials and MRLs setting process. Knowledge of the European approach in establishing the pesticide residue levels is useful for all countries in the world that have a policy of restriction of persistent organic pollutants in the environment aiming towards food safety for people of all ages.

Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, 2019

Widespread use of pesticides is linked to the development of agriculture in our country; however, the usage of this toxic compound must be controlled. The purpose of this study is to investigate pesticide residues in grape and lettuce samples from the Albanian market. From March to October 2017, we randomly collected 44 grapes and 34 lettuce samples from some region in Albania such as Tirana, Durres, Fier, Lushnje, Elbasan and Vlora. The collected sample underwent pesticide residue analysis, and pesticide extraction which wasperformed using ethyl acetate. Instrumental analysis was carried out in GC/MS Triple Quadrupole in multiple reactions monitoring mode. Products such as vegetables and fruits, available in our markets should be safe andcontrolled to limit potential risk to public health. In this study we concluded that no lettuce samples exceed the maximum residues level values for some pesticides, 19% of grape samples resulted above the MRL, and Chlorpyrifos is the most active substance found more than 0.05 mg kg-1. Index Terms-Multi Residues Analysis; Grapes; Lettuces; GC MS/MS. I. INTRODUCTION Worldwide pesticide usage has greatly increased since the 1960s, and it has been responsible for the "green revolution", which allowed the industry to increase food production from the same land surface by means of mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), as well as more efficient machinery and irrigation strategies. The use of pesticides has helped reduce crop losses and increase yield of crops such as corn, maize, vegetables, potatoes and cotton [1]. Pesticides help prevent and control pests, reduce or eliminate performance losses and maintain quality of products of plants origin. The application of pesticides in plants has led to serious impacts to human health and environment. Public concern about food safety has increased due to and recognition of the effects of pesticide use such as chronic neurotoxicity, immune impacts, endocrine disruption, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. Pesticide residues of vegetables and fruits have become a health issue around the world [2][3][4]. Directive 2009/128/EC aims to reach a sustainable use of pesticides, including guidance and advice to pesticide applicants, instructions on the operation and control of equipment to provide safety, and protection of human health and the environment [5]. The proposed MRLs are derived from supervised field trials lead on Good Agricultural Practice. To evaluate consumer safety, exposure to pesticide residues should be assessed and compared to health safety

Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2008

This article provides an overview of consumer risk assessment and aims to show how pesticide residues data from field trials (supervised residue trials) are combined with dietary consumption data to assess risk to consumers. Models used for the calculation of dietary exposure are based on the premise that intake is a function of the concentration of pesticide in food and the amount of food consumed. The sources of data needed to inform these models are examined and some consideration is given to the future of risk assessment modelling. The emphasis is on current EU procedures. Dietary intake Pesticides are an integral part of modern food production and consumers are aware that they ingest pesticides with their food. One of the key issues that interests both regulators and consumers is the question of how much pesticide is consumed. The amount of pesticide consumed is termed dietary intake, or simply intake, and the models used in its calculation are the subject of this article. As the tool for quantifying risk the models are at the heart of the setting of legally enforceable limits for pesticides (Maximum Residue Levels, MRLs) and they are used to support regulatory decisions that lead to the granting, or refusal, of approval for the use of products containing pesticides. This article focuses on procedures that have been agreed, and are currently used, by EU Member States.

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1989

This report reviews recent developments regarding the environmental, toxicological, and regulatory issues surrounding pesticide residues in food. Factors affecting the establishment of regulatory limits are discussed. Pesticides monitored by state and federal agencies are compiled and the need for improvements in analytical techniques and enforcement procedures in govemmental monitoring programs is pointed out. Specific incidents of concern related to pesticides in food including EDB in grain and grain products, aldicarb in watermelon, demeton-methyl in wine, DDT in fish, &S,Stributylphosphorotrithioate in chili peppers, and daminozide in apples and processed apple products are described. The National Academy of Science's study on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) method for setting tolerances for pesticide residues is discussed, especially the dietary cancer risk estimates from pesticides and the inconsistencies in regulating oncogenic pesticides in raw and processed foods existing under the Delaney Clause. The EPA's Tolerance Assessment System is identified to improve the quality of the tolerance establishment process. New California laws to ensure food safety include mandated activities in identifying the toxicological data gaps for pesticides and evaluating pesticide tolerances. Already initiated, tighter regulatory activities at both the federal and the state levels are expected to improve scientific information development, regulatory decisions, and public health protection.