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393. Dallas Smythe, 43n datacasting, 84, 103-5, 106, 120n
394. Dayan, D., 107, 208, 216
395. Debord, Guy, 5, 27, 53, 68, 90 spectacle, 31-4, 89, 118 deconstruction, 5, 6
396. Deleuze, Gilles, rhizome, 10 democracy, 23, 43n, 73, 76, 77, 82n, 134, 207, 208
397. and cyberspace, 24, 72-5, 80, 191 and interaction, 80-1 democratization, 9-11, 23, 84, 207, 220
398. Dempsey, Ken, 175, 194
399. Derrida, Jacques, 6, 20, 51, 121n, 129, 131, 133, 165n, 223n dissemination, 126-8 'hermeneutic deciphering', 126, 131 logocentrism, 6, 11, 75, 123-4, 127-9, 130-2, 135, 138, 141, 146, 166n phonocentrism, 6, 124, 129, 132, 135-6, 139 polysemia, 126-8 writing-as-language, 131
400. Dery, Mark, 100 'escape velocity', 187 dialogicity, 40, 77-9, 136, 137, 146-7, 164, 203, 205 digital, 'digital age', 10 digital divide, 58, 187 'digital nation', 73 technology, 2, 7, 8, 19n, 45, 49, 60, 64, 65-6, 82n, 100, 103, 108, 114, 115, 130, 183-184 digitalization, 65-6, 164 disembedding, 162-3 disembodiment, 36, 100, 157, 159-161, 178, 200, 207 disembodied communities, 194, 225n 'disintermediation', 137-8 dot.com stocks, 96-7
401. Durkheim, Emile, 52, 59, 121n, 133, 152-3, 154, 189 community, 167-9, 175-6, 182, 194 conscience collective, 110, 167-70, 175 cult of the individual, 29, 110 'organic solidarity', 168 DVD, 65-6, 100
402. Erdring, R., 90, 194, 224n European traditions in media studies, 4 face-to-face interactions, x, xii, 2, 8, 11-12, 14, 15-17, 17n, 49, 54, 63, 71-2, 78, 81n, 85, 87, 92, 94, 99-100, 108, 111, 114, 116, 118, 119n, 123n, 132, 135, 136-9, 144-6, 148-51, 154-6, 158-9, 161, 164, 166n, 178-80, 194-5, 197-9, 204-5, 207, 211, 221-2, 224n, 225n extended by CMC, 54-5, 63, 106, 118, fandom, 87, 112, 153, 211, 212-13, 214 on-line fan clubs, 87
403. Featherstone, Mike, the flâneur, 197, 199-201 MTV, 201
404. Feenberg, A., 140
405. Felski, Rita, 75
406. Fidonet, 47
407. Fiore, Quentin and Marshall McLuhan, 41, 72, 99, 103, 118, 121n,186 first media age, 6, 34, 95, 120n, 140 and the second media age, ix, 4, 7-11, 12, 17, 43n, 44, 50, 52, 67, 69, 71, 82n, 83-91, 97, 110, 114, 140, 194, Fiske, John, 57, 82n, 120n 'bardic' function of news, 110, 121n, 215
408. the flâneur, 197-198, 210, 223-4n and celebrity, 214 defined as consumer, 199 virtual, 199-201, 210, 223-4n flânerie, 170, 197-203, 207, 210, 224n
409. Flew, Terry, 64, 65, 137
410. Flitterman-Lewis, S., 106 form, versus content, ix-xi, xiii, 5-6, 8, 20, 27, 43n, 51, 56, 118, 143
411. Forrest Gump, 34-5
412. Foster, Derek, 190, 194, 204, 205
413. Foucault, Michel, 31-3, 43n, 153 disciplinary society, 33 'governmentality', 172, 174
414. Frankfurt School, 25, 119
415. Fraser, Nancy, 75 freeway, xii, 67, 68-9, 99
416. Friedberg, Ann, 199
417. Fukuyama, Francis, 99, 169
418. Gates, Bill, 7
419. Gauntlett, D., 7, 18n, 96, 104, 105, 180, 224n generation gap, 19n, 63 genre, 14, 24, 34-5, 36, 37, 49, 87, 100, 105, 107, 112, 113, 133, 134, 139, 147, 153, 201, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214-19, 224n
420. Gerbner, George, 57-8, 60, 119 access, and availability, 58 vertical dimension of communication, 58
421. Gibson, William, 45, 47, 189, 196
422. Giddens, Anthony, xii, 21, 154, 162-3 time-space distanciation, 162-3
423. Gilder, George, 7, 9, 10, 14, 52, 84
424. Gitlin, Todd, 17n, 42n, 76 'public sphericules', 75-6, 81 global communities, 129, 172-3, 189-93 global citizenship, 63, 80 of practice, 174-7 globalization, 107, 163, 167, 168, 172, 173-4
425. Goffman, Erving, 154 gopher, 79
426. Gore, Al, 7, 18n, 74
427. Graham, S., 43n, 67, 120n
428. Gramsci, Antonio, 28 hegemony, 28, 40, 43n, 52, 101, 153
429. Grusin, R. and Bolter, J.D., 19n, 38, 43n, 66, 130 hypermediacy, 130 remediation, 19n, 43n
430. Guattari, Félix, 16
431. Gulia, M., 17n, 202, 204
432. Habermas, Jurgen, 209 public sphere, 42n, 72-81
433. Hall, Stuart, 17, 26, 117 'American Dream Sociology', 22-3 encoding/decoding, 17n, 112
434. Hanks, W.F., 176
435. Hartley, John, 18n, 22, 42n, 73, 77, 120n 'bardic' function of news, 110, 121n, 215
436. Hawisher, G.E., 74, 75, 82n
437. Healy, Dave, 54
438. Hegel, G.W.F., 107, 127, 185, 223n
439. Heidegger, Martin, 140, 181-2, 187, 191
440. Heilig, Morton, 81n
441. Herbert, T.E., 46
442. Hill, A., 180
443. Hills, Mathew, 87, 112
444. Hirst, P., 30, 31, 80 historicism, ix, xi, xii, 7-11, 39, 64, 65, 81, 83-6, 97, 129, 145, 192, 206, 221 problems with historical typology, 11-15
445. Hobbes Internet Timeline, 81
446. Hollywood, 24, 104, 105, 213
447. Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor Adorno, 24-5, 33, 68, 88-9, 99, 141
448. Horrocks, Christopher, 72, 114, 115, 121n, 143
449. Horton and Wohl, The Lonesome Gal, 212 para-social interaction, 144, 148, 152-3, 166n, 212
450. HTML, 60 hypodermic model, 58
451. IBM, 47 ICQ, 50, 60, 61 identity, 5, 8, 36, 76, 92, 123, 127, 139, 141-4, 149, 150, 165n, 174 constituted by media environments, 15, 21, 48, 53, 61-3, 99, 151, 180, 184, 189, 190, 194, 205-7 see also avatar ideology, ix, xi, 4, 5, 18n, 22, 34, 37-9, 43n, 54, 74, 75, 81n, 101-2, 118-19, 128, 130, 141, 195n 'end of ideology', 22 of interactivity, 18-19n media as apparatus of, 25-9 as a structure of broadcast, 29-31 see also Althusser IMAX, 92 'Information Revolution', 19n, 56 information society, 2, 7, 55-6, 173 information theory, x, 55-9, 64, 119
452. Shannon, C. and Weaver, W., 56, 82n
453. Inglis, F., 107
454. Innis, Harold, 5, 38, 41-2, 43n, 51, 70, 85, 98, 117 Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society, 90 institutionally extended relations, 49 instrumental views of communication, xii, 18n, 20, 81n, 130, 132, 137, 138, 139-40, 202-3, 206
455. Integration, x-xiii, 12, 13, 15-17, 29, 35, 53, 55, 69, 75, 99, 119, 120n broadcast, 3, 34, 35, 72, 86, 98, 148-9, 177, 206-10 community as practice and community as recognition, 122, 174-7 levels of, x, 122, 148, 151-3, 153-60, 165, 166n, 222, 223n network, 3, 8, 72, 98, 141, 149, 177 and ritual view of communication, 119, 122-3, 133-5, 140 social integration, 3-4, 6, 16, 21-2, 24-5, 31, 50, 52, 55, 83, 86, 118, 122-3, 132, 145, 148, 152-7, 159, 164, 168, 169-71, 173, 175, 182, 183, 206, 208, 210-11, 222 and sociality with mediums, 178-80 versus interaction, 15-17, 55, 122-66
456. Interaction, x-xiii, 8, 12, 14, 40, 49, 52, 76, 77-9, 84, 86, 90, 99, 114-16, 118, 175-6, 177, 178, 180, 185, 188, 195-9, 202-4, 206, 209-10, 219, 222, 224n, 225n approach to media culture, xi, 164, 178 and broadcast, 52, 53, 73, 86-8, 106, 108, 110, 112-13 and democracy, 80-1 face-to-face, see face-to-face interactions world divided between the 'interacting' and 'interacted', 8 mediated, 15, 86, 115-16, 136-9, 145, 160 mediated quasi-, 136-7, 144-8, 160 para-social, 144, 148, 153, 166n practice of, 77, 175 without reciprocity, 144-9, 161, 195, 211, 217 technologically extended, 76, 86, 94-5, 98, 137, 159, 222 and transmission view of communication, xii, 15, 119, 164, 177 virtual interaction, 61-4, 79, 108, 200, 224n without reciprocity, 149-51, 195, 205 interactivity, 9, 10, 12-13, 18n, 40, 53-54, 72, 75, 80, 82, 89, 94, 100, 114-15, 117, 195-7, 200, 203-6, 220, 222, 223n activity versus passivity, 14, 15 interactivity, cont. and broadcast, ix, xi, 10, 12, 50, 84-6, 97-8, 100, 115, 122, 148 interactive society, 8 versus connectivity, 206 interface, 14, 60, 63, 64, 91, 187, 188, 223n human-technical interface, 2, 180
457. Interface Culture, 223n 'Internet and Society' study, 90, 224n
458. Internet, ix-xiii, 2, 3-5, 7-17, 17n, 18n, 19n, 31, 36, 40, 42, 44-5, 55-7, 61, 63-4, 66-7, 72-3, 76-80, 81n, 82n, 83-90, 92-3, 95-104, 106, 108, 110, 113-15, 118, 120n, 121n, 122, 128, 132, 141-3, 145, 155, 157, 166n, 169, 175, 177, 183, 189, 190, 193, 201-4, 207, 209, 214, 219, 220-2, 223n, 224n abstraction and, see abstraction anarchy of, 8 ARPANET, 47 attraction of Internet communication, 48-50 bulletin board, 17n, 47, 78, 94, 100-1, 104, 196
459. and cyberspace, 4, 46-7, 48, 50, 114 digital divide, 58, 187 electronic frontier, 9, 48, 65, 202 email, see email emancipation from broadcast media, 9, 44, 48, 50-4, 84
460. Fidonet, 47 ICQ, 50, 60, 61 interaction without reciprocity, see Interaction without reciprocity 'Internet' age, 10, 49, 54, 80
461. Internet community, 194-7, 201, 222
462. Internet datacasting, 84, 103-5, 106, 120n
463. Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 17n, 61, 79, 166n 'Internet Revolution', 1, 51
464. Internet Service Provider (ISP), 97
465. MOOs, 17n, 48, 60-1, 93
466. MUDs, 17n, 48, 50, 60-1, 184 Net flaming, 69, 100 netiquette, 16, 55, 82n netizen, 99, 101, 115, 190 newsgroup, 17n, 47, 87, 202 reconstitution of public sphere, 72-5, 120n redemptive of interactivity, 9, 10, 44, 54, 84, 89, 120n, 189-90, 203 sub-media, 12, 47, 48-50, 77, 79, 80, 90, 94, 96, 104, 150-1, 188, 200, 224n
467. Usenet, 47, 57, 79, 87 Index 249
468. Internet, cont. and the virtual flâneur, 197, 199-201, 210, 223-4n the WELL, 47, 61-2, 132, 225n
469. World Wide Web, see World Wide Web (WWW) intranet, 47, 196 ISDN, 80 IVF, 158
470. Jakobson, Roman, 56
471. James, Paul, 148, 159-60
472. Jameson, Frederic, 32
473. JennyCam, 120
474. Johnson, Steven, 223n
475. Jones, Steven, 7, 14, 18n, 60, 62, 68, 194, 200, 204
476. Jordan, Tim, 38, 47, 50, 61-2, 82n avatar, 62 CMC as anti-hierarchical, 61 cyberpower, 193
477. Jowett, Garth, 85-6
478. Kaplan, N., 74
479. Kapor, Mitch, 48, 84
480. Katz, Elihu, 107, 112, 117,119, 133, 208, 216
481. Katz, Jon, 'Apparatgeist' and perpetual contact, 185-6, 192 'digital nation', 73
482. Kelly, Kevin, 73, 190
483. Kling, Rob, 150
484. Kluge, Alexander, 75
485. Knorr Cetina, Karin, 17n, 117, 181-3
486. on Heidegger, 181 objectualization, 182 post-social, 182
487. Knowles, Harry, 104-5
488. Kroker, Arthur, 19n, 92-3, 115, 117, 143
489. on McLuhan and the 'new universal community', 189
490. Kroker, Marilouise, 92-3, 143
491. Lacan, Jacques, 6, 165n
492. Lakoff, George, 56, 203-4
493. Langer, J., 148, 224n
494. Lanier, Jaron, 191
495. Lasn, K., 120n
496. Lasswell, H., 58-9, 119
497. Lave, J., 176
498. Lea, M., 82n, 166n
499. Lealand, Geoff, 19n
500. Lennon, John, 214, 224n, 225n
501. Levinson, Paul, 99, 115
502. Lévy, Pierre, 7, 9 linguistic perspective on media, x, 4-6, 18n, 23, 51, 56, 60, 101-2, 126, 159 semiolinguistics, 124, 128-9, 165n
503. Lipset, Seymour, 22-3 'liveness', 96, 106, 107, 120n, 143, 153, 209, 215, 216-17
504. Livingstone, S., 7, 224n local context, 111, 128, 138-9, 141, 145-6, 162 logos, 11, 124, 126, 130
505. Los Angeles, 120n
506. Luhmann, Niklas, v., 144
507. Lukács, Georg, 27 'reification', 26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 55, 89
508. Lyotard, Jean-François, 6, 70 grand narratives, 11, 128, 173
509. magazines, 24, 25, 36, 56, 73, 96, 105, 112 malls, xii, 37, 67, 68, 195 and flânerie, 170, 199 privatization of public space, 3, 91
510. Marc, David, 4, 102, 109-11, 114, 120n, 121n, 165n
511. Martin-Barbero, J., 99, 209, 210
512. Marvin, S., 43n, 67
513. Marx, Karl, 26-27, 37, 43n, 191 commodity fetishism, 26, 37 mass media, 5, 7, 9-10, 13, 20, 21-3, 32, 34-8, 40, 42n, 51, 58, 76, 80, 88-90, 96, 99-100, 104-5, 112, 137, 141-2, 144-5, 157, 164, 166n, 176, 195, 196, 200-1, 209, 212 as agent of integration, see Integration, broadcast as apparatus of ideology, 25-9, 29-31 as a culture industry, see culture industry, mass media as 'path dependence' mass society, 21-25, 42n, 82n, 136 'age of the masses', 22 'massification' of society, 21 mass/elite framework, 21-2, 38
514. Mattelart, Armand, 54
515. McCarthy, Anna, 37, 208
516. McLaughlin, L., 217
517. McLuhan, Marshall, xi, 5, 8, 38-42, 43n, 51, 69-72, 82n, 94, 99, 103, 107, 113, 114-17, 118, 121n, 129, 142, 143-4, 154, 177, 189, 199, 210, 219 automation, 40, 69 cybernation, 40, 69-71 global village, 39, 74-5, 80, 128-9, 164, 189, 197
518. McLuhan, Marshall, cont. Gutenberg or typographic man, 129 hot and cool mediums, 40-1, 70-2, 114, 210
519. McLuhan Galaxy, 8 media and narcissism, 180-1 'new universal community', 189 rear-view mirrorism, 113, 121n 're-tribalization', 69, 72 sociality with objects, 180-1 'the medium is the message', 38-42, 143 'the medium is the massage', 38, 41 'to go outside is to be alone', 199 virtuality, 114, 143 youth and the 'electric drama', 186
520. McQuail, Denis, 39 media effects theory, 4, 42n, 56, 82n, 115 see also effects analysis media environments, xi, 14, 144, 179, 184, 186 media event, 45, 66, 104, 107, 112, 134, 149, 153, 208, 214, 216 as interruption of routine, 107, 216 'contest, conquests, and coronations', 107
521. Coronation, 107, 207-8
522. Olympics, 104
523. Princess Diana, 109, 111, 121n media friends, 211, 213 media studies, ix-xi, 4-7, 18n, 42n, 43n, 55, 58, 82n, 84, 101, 102, 116-19, 133, 178 focus on content and representation, ix, 4-5 media stunt, 105 mediation, x, xii, 17n, 42, 52, 89-90, 122, 126, 127, 132, 137-8, 160-2, 164, 173, 202-3, 208, 218 'disintermediation', 137-8 mediation-by-agents, 137 problems with, 138-40 remediation, 19n, 43n media users, 143 'mediaplace', 100 mediascape, 222; and sociality, 177
524. medium theory, 38, 41-2, 51, 56, 101-3, 113-9, 122-3, 178, 181 and individuality, 140-4
525. Shannon, C. and Weaver, W., 56, 82n
526. Mehl, Dominique, 165-6n
527. Mellencamp, Patricia, 107
528. Meyrowitz, Joshua, xii, 1, 15, 38-42, 43n, 45, 51, 94, 99, 103, 115-17, 121n, 132, 139, 148, 154-5, 162, 164, 178, 211, 213 death of John Lennon, 224n, 225n
529. Meyrowitz, Joshua, cont. intentionality, 56, 115, 130-2, 139, 141 media friends, 211, 213 medium-as-environment, 103, 115-17, 121n, 141 medium-as-language, 115 medium-as-vessel/conduit, 103, 115-16, 123, 130, 206 'second generation medium theory', 117-18 sociality with mediums, 178
530. Microsoft, 184, 223n MIT Media Lab, 74
531. Mitchell, David, 41, 42
532. Mitchell, William J., 67, 183, 199, 200
533. Morley, Dave, 112-13, 149
534. Morse, Margaret, 43n, 91, 94, 117, 134
535. MP3, 66 MTV, 49, 91, 92, 120n, 201
536. Mullan, Bob, 207-8 broadcast as maintenance of social order, 207 multi-culturalism, 76 multimedia, 8, 49, 66, 200
537. Nancy, Jean-Luc, 174 narcissism, 180-1, 184, 204 'narrow-band', 79 narrowcasting, 111 'nation-as-audience', 111 'nation-of-audiences', 111 nation-state, 21, 43n, 75, 80, 81, 171-5, 222n, 223n
538. Negroponte, Nicholas, 7, 9, 10, 18n, 74, 224n
539. Negt, Oskar, 75
540. Nelson, Robin, 81-2n 'Netaid', 44, 81n network, ix-xii, 1-5, 8, 10-15, 16-17, 17n, 20, 34, 38, 42, 44, 46-51, 52, 54, 59, 64-6, 68-9, 70, 72, 74, 78-9, 82n, 83, 85, 89, 90, 95-6, 97-103, 109, 110, 113-14, 117-19, 119n, 121n, 130, 132-4, 138, 141-3, 146, 148-9, 156-7, 160-1, 167, 171, 176, 179-81, 192, 194, 196, 201, 205-6, 210, 224n community, 176, 188-89, see also virtual community and democracy, see democracy dependence on, 3, 143, 178, 180 integration, see integration, network as normative medium, 14 parasitic of broadcast medium, xi, 12, 52, 79, 83, 86-7, 90, 104-5 recognition, 30, 33-4, 100, 110, 121n, 134, 145, 148-9, 151, 156-7, 164, 208, 211-12 community and, 98, 122, 168, 174 face-to-face, 92 field of, 19n, 22, 36, 111, 151, 214, 217, 218, 219 representation, 31-2, 36-7, 43n, 106, 124, 127, 130, 133, 135, 206-7, 215-16, see also 'the image' focus in media studies, ix, 4-5 and identity, 142
541. Rheingold, Howard, 7, 9, 10, 81n, 84, 97, 132, 188, 195, 224n, 225n as a nostalgic communitarian, 16 ritual, xii, 14-15, 17, 20, 55, 60, 87, 111, 118, 131-5, 152-3, 165n, 166n, 177, 183, 188, 207-10, 212, 225n audience communities, 214-15, 217, 221-2, 225n broadcast communities, 207-10 versus transmission view, 6, 20, 119, 122-35 view of communication, x, 6, 17, 119, 140, 147, 177, 222
542. Rose, Nikolas, 171-4, 182
543. Rosen, Ruth, 209
544. Russell, G., 19n, 63 satellite based communications, 2, 13-14, 51, 64, 66, 94 global positioning system (GPS), 2 'saturation' thesis, 2, 127 'saturated self', 17n, 155
545. Saussure, Ferdinand de, 5, 124-5, 165n 'Copernican revolution' in humanities, 5
546. Schultz, Tanjev, 12-13, 85, 100-1, 120n, 206, 209, 223n
547. Schwoch, James, 1-3, 17n second media age, ix-xi, 1-17, 20, 39, 43n, 44-5, 50, 54-5, 58, 60, 64-5, 67, 69, 72, 77, 80, 83-91, 97, 101, 102, 137, 140, 145-6, 195-6, 201, 220, 222 as agent of return of flânerie, 199-201 and first media age, ix, 4, 7-11, 12, 17, 43n, 44, 50, 52, 67, 69, 71, 82n, 83-91, 97, 110, 114, 140, 194, 204 historicism, see historicism Internet as emancipation from broadcast media, see Internet, emancipation as orthodoxy, ix, xi, 8, 19n, 20, 50, 65 're-tribalization', 69, 72 thesis, ix, xi, 4, 8, 12, 20, 50-4, 55, 64, 70, 82n, 84, 87, 101, 102, 148, 185, 187, 201, 222 second media age, cont. utopianism, 7, 18-19n, 52, 57, 74-5, 83, 98, 115, 120n, 128, 157, 179, 189, 191-2, 194-5, 202, 224n
548. Selfe, C.L., 74-75, 82n semiotics, ix, 5, 11, 23, 51, 82n, 101, 127, 207, 210 analysis of media, x, xi, 82n, 119
549. Shannon, C., 55-56, 82n, 119
550. Sharp, Geoff, 3, 94, 99, 120n, 151, 154, 158-9, 166n, 192
551. Shields, R., 198
552. Shils, Edward, 22-3, 207 silicon century, 2
553. Silverstone, Roger, 3, 18-19n, 180, 207, 223n, 224n
554. Simmel, G., 121n, 201
555. Situational/Interactionist perspective, 154-5
556. Skog, B., 187
557. Slater, P., 156
558. Slevin, James, 154, 162-4, 166n
559. Slouka, Mark, 189, 204
560. Smith, Marc, 61-2, 64, 82n, 200, 202
561. SMS, 84, 97, 187, 188 soap opera, 16, 86-7, 111, 119, 148, 209 social architectures, see architectures, social sociality, 152, 172 'drive for sociality', 195 with mediums, 177-80 with objects, 119, 177, 180-3 sociological approach, ix-x, 4, 18n, 22, 25, 42n, 59, 78, 86, 96, 108, 122, 152, 154, 164, 194
562. Sohn-Rethel, Alfred, 154, 158
563. Sony Ericsson, 82n Walkman, 45 spam, 77, 97, 166n
564. Spears, R., 82n, 166n spectacle, xii, 6, 12, 24, 27, 31-6, 38, 43n, 55, 89-90, 110-13, 118-19, 120n, 200, 207-8, 210, 218, 219, 224n spectatorship, 32, 144, 207-8, 212, 220 speech, 5, 10, 11, 23, 39-40, 43n, 47, 49, 56, 58, 60, 65, 69-72, 74, 95, 105, 108-9, 110, 121n, 126, 129, 135, 152, 181, 192, 196, 205, 209-10
565. Stenger, Nicole, 191-2 'stimulus' and 'response', 21
566. Stoll, C., 204, 224n
567. Stone, A.R., 195-6
568. Stratton, Jon, 46 subcultures, 8, 43n, 80, 169, 187 subject, 5, 6, 11, 14, 26, 29-30, 33, 34, 42n, 53, 89, 113, 124, 141-3, 170, 174, 178, 188, 193, 205, 211, 221
569. Virilio, Paul, 17n, 117, 224n virtual community, x, xii-xiii, 9, 48, 54, 62, 63, 68, 78, 80, 99, 100, 103, 117, 119, 122, 123, 149, 164, 173, 188, 192, 194-7, 198, 201-6, 224n, 225n dichotomies of, 179, 203-4 and physical communities, xii, 204-5 three domains of, 204-5 utopian and dystopian versions of, 7, 18-19n, 52, 57, 74-5, 83, 98, 115, 120n, 128, 157, 179, 189, 191-2, 194-5, 202, 203, 224n and virtual flânerie, 199-201, 210, 223-4n virtual reality, 16, 72, 94, 114, 121n, 130, 135, 190, 196
570. and cyberspace, ix, 44-6, 49, 122, 201 'virtual urbanization' perspective, 67-9, 91 'virtuvoltage', 46 virus, 105
571. Voog, Anna, 220-1
572. Wark, McKenzie, 38, 97-8, 223n
573. Wasserman, I.M., 214
574. Watts, Duncan, 189
575. Weaver, W., 55-6, 82n
576. Wehner, Joseph, 76-77, 79, 81 the WELL, 47, 61-2, 132, 225n
577. Wellman, Barry, 17n, 194, 202, 204
578. Wenger, E., 176
579. Wertheim, Margaret, 190-1
580. Whitaker, R., 223n
581. White, Mimi, 1-3, 17n
582. Whittle, D., 195, 224n
583. Wiener, Norbert, 56-57
584. Williams, Christopher, 18n
585. Williams, Raymond, 85-6, 91-2, 120n, 140, 161-2, 178-9 mobile privatization, xii, 88, 91-3, 98, 99-100, 199 source and agent, 161-2 technical invention, 140 technology-as-socially-configured, 140
586. Willson, Michelle, 195, 225n
587. Winston, Brian, 13-14, 19n
588. Wired, 43n, 73, 113, 115, 189, 190, 202
589. Wise, J. Macgregor, 202
590. World-Wide-Wait, 90, 201 Y2K bug, 2
591. Zettl, H., 106 Index 255