Chapter 3 Internet Forensics and Combating Terrorism

Crimes committed among electronic or digital domains, significantly within cyberspace, have become common. Criminals are using technology to commit their offenses and to create new challenges for law enforcement agents, attorneys, judges, military, and security professionals. Digital forensics has become a vital instrument in distinguishing and identifying computer-based and computer-assisted crime. Court proceedings worldwide are currently encountering variety of cases where despite their focus and origin, there is some kind of digital evidence concerned. Orthodox cases including drug traffic, murders, fraud and a myriad of others currently rely heavily on some information/data residing on a digital device. Digital forensics methodologies are therefore not solely needed to accumulate digital evidence in cases where the crime is committed employing a digital device however conjointly where digital evidence is required for cases originally not completely a digital crime. Digital forensics present challenges, as the evidence acquired is inherently totally different from other kinds of evidence acquired in other forensic investigations. The main variations include the fact that digital evidence can simply be reproduced and manipulated by personnel involved with the investigation, maliciously or accidentally. This paper will establish some crucial problems relating to the utilization of the digital forensic method to acquire the digital evidence to be used to convict or acquit persons accused of such crimes. It'll present a multidimensional approach delivering along the legal, technical, ethical and academic dimensions of digital forensics to create an integrated framework and methodology for investigations involving digital evidence. The objective of these designs is to provide a solution to issues encompassing digital evidence acquisition and consequent presentation in court and outlines tips for creating this sort of evidence more robust once presented in court.

2015

With the advancement of technology world today Cyber-crimes, ethical hacking and various internetbased-crimes jeopardizes single or groups of internet users around the world. Even the greatest of the nations suffered being a victim of cyber-crime. However due to lack of digital evidence and methodology of cyber forensic the alarming crime remained unstoppable and will continue to last. The evolution of such crimes increases the need of implementing a proper and structural methodology for the study of cyber forensic to facilitate the inspection of cyber-crime and bring them to court. In this paper we adopted several phases, methodologies, including policies and educational system and combine into one effective procedures along with the powerful tool to work coordinately and to accommodate each phases after the completion of their own task. This paper serves as an enhancement of current tools and technique for the purpose of finding the accurate layers for specialization, certificatio...

2018

The idea that terrorists could cause massive loss of life, worldwide economic chaos and devastating environmental damage by hacking into critical infrastructure systems has captured the public imagination. Air traffic control systems, nuclear power stations, hospitals and stock markets are all vulnerable targets for cyber-terrorists wanting to wreak havoc and destruction. Counter-terrorism investigation in Europe have shown that the use of the Internet is an integral component in any terrorist plot. Terrorist groups are resorting to encryption and anonymising tools in order to keep their identities hidden while they communicate, plan attacks, purchase illegal materials and perform financial transactions. The possibility of an act of cyberterrorism against critical national infrastructure requires serious attention from legislators. There is no concrete legal definition of cyberterrorism internationally. A wide range of possible cyberattack scenarios exists - including acts of hacktivism against websites - and it is not clear which of these scenarios would fall within definitions of terrorism under domestic law. While terrorists continue to use the Internet mostly for communication, propaganda and information sharing purposes, their capabilities to launch cyberattacks remain limited.

Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2010

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TERRORIST USE OF CYBER TECHNOLOGY, 2021

The risk posed by terrorist use of cyber technology and cyber terrorism have been of great concern to politicians, decision makers, security officials. This article studies terrorist use of cyber technology and cyber terrorism along with history of cyber-terrorism. Moreover some concepts such as between cyber-crime, cyber-terrorism, cyber-warfare and hactivism will be analysed. Furthermore, the challenges faced by international organisations in tackling cyber terrorism will be discussed; measures introduced in some countries to address cyber terrorism treats are presented as well as discussions on the present and the future treat posed by cyber terrorism and terrorist use of cyber technology.

Terrorism, one of the vilest crimes, faced by the human community has posed an immense challenge in the post Cold War period. It has existed since the emergence of human societies endangering innocent lives and jeopardizing human rights and fundamental freedoms. Though the conventional motives have remained the same, the traditional concepts and methods of terrorism have taken new dimensions that are more destructive 1 and deadly in nature. In the age of information technology the terrorists have acquired an expertise to produce the most deadly combination of weapons and technology, which are much more modern and scientific. This phenomenon where the cyber space is used to launch terror attacks is also known as cyber-terrorism. It has the potential to do indeterminable harm not only by paralyzing computer infrastructures but also comprehending the use of the cyberspace to support and organize traditional forms of terrorism, such as bombings and suicide attacks. It also poses a deadly threat on the national security of a state by offering a garb of anonymity to the perpetrators of terror. The increased dependency on information technology has dramatically increased the security risks. This new menace will be a severe challenge to global security unless there are appropriate security measures to help prevention. Hence, to understand cyber terrorism, and find out the ways in which the terrorist organizations are using the advantage of this new technology, a look at its background is necessary. This paper shall make an attempt to discuss the rising incidents of cyber terrorism across the globe, the meaning and concept of the term, the motives and methods behind an attack. It shall also discuss the regional and international mechanisms to prevent cyber terrorism, and recommend what more could be done.

The paper explores the application of digital forensics techniques to cyber warfare scenarios. A common accepted taxonomy for digital forensics (and anti- forensics) activities, techniques, procedures and work flows does not yet exist but guidelines and even international standards have given the field a framework: this paper explores how digital forensics can be logically framed in the context of cyber warfare. The attribution of a cyber attack is widely considered a fundamental aspect to be resolved before the formulation of every cyber strategy by nation-states. Digital forensics procedures and protocols established in civilian contexts can be adopted by military and intelligence bodies. The paper explores the field of digital forensics as applied to cyber warfare, mainly for defensive and intelligence operations. It proposed a taxonomy for digital forensics activities and on the time dimension how it is applied to the phases of forensic operations: prioritization, collection, acquisition, analysis, interpretation, reporting/dissemination, detailing a model that tailors techniques to military context, giving also a review of existing literature. Defensive and intelligence activities also need knowledge of the range of anti-forensics techniques applied by counterparts, so an analysis of the anti-forensics arsenal and how it correlates with forensics processes is conducted. In the conclusion the paper shows the cardinal role of digital forensics (post- attack and in readiness processed) even in military activities and the value of concepts developed in the civilian world, albeit adapted.

The intensification of Information and Communications Technology usage in all facets of life exceedingly amplify the incidents of information security policy breaches, cyber crimes, fraud, commercial crimes, cyber laundering etc, hence require a well developed approach to tackle these incidents in order to realize legally defensible digital evidence. Since electronic evidence is fragile and can easily be modified, finding this data, collecting, preserving, and presenting it properly in a court of law is the real challenge. There is a need for use of semantic analysis to discover underlying security policy requirements and internal power structures and institutionalization of anti cyber attack, antimoney- laundering and regulatory schemes. The first responders to cyber security incidents often than always are an organization ICT personnel who are technically sound though may be deficient in investigative skill. The scientific standards of cyber forensics dictates the procedure as it promotes objectivity, a precise and well documented analysis, particularly that the findings maybe used as evidence against the attacker. This paper aims to contribute to the advancement of the cyber forensics discipline with a view to assist the International community in combating this sophisticated, high-tech, dynamic ever changing phenomenon.

The steep increase of cyber crime has rendered digital forensics an area of paramount importance to keep cyber threats in check and invoke legal safety and security in electronic transactions. This chapter reviews certain legal aspects of forensic investigation, the overall legal framework in the EU and U.S. and additional selfregulatory measures that can be leveraged upon to investigate cyber crime in forensic investigations. This chapter claims that while full-scale harmonisation of forensic investigation processes across the EU and beyond is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future, cross-border investigations can be greatly facilitated by initiatives aiming at mutual assistance arrangements based on a common understanding of threats and shared processes. Involving the users through self-regulation and accountability frameworks might also contribute to reducing risks in electronic communications that emanate from cyber criminal threats.