Historical Theory and Methods through Popular Music, 1970–2000

References (145)

1. For the "modernity matrix," see Mark Levine, Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). Also see Stuart Hall, et al., eds., Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003).
2. Culture, Two Sevens Clash (the 30th Anniversary Edition) (Shanachie, 2007 [1977]), CD 45065.
3. Bogues notes this approach as an aspect of Africana redemptive prophets: "In elaborating this narrative they sometimes break from monochro- mic time frames and develop conceptions and historical narratives that collapse past and present, making no linear chronological distinctions. This is particularly true in some historical conceptions of the Rastafari movement, where redemption is a destructive/constructive moment, an event rather than a process." See Anthony Bogues, Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals (New York: Routledge, 2003), 19.
4. For connections between Judaic Psalms and Rastafari reggae, see Joseph Thompson, "From Judah to Jamaica: The Psalms in Rastafari Reggae," Religion and the Arts 16, no. 4 (2012): 328-356. Also see Sw. Anand Prahlad, Reggae Wisdom: Proverbs in Jamaican Music (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001).
5. Bogues, Black Heretics, Black Prophets, 19.
6. Michel-Rolph Trouillot, "North Atlantic Universals: Analytical Fictions, 1492-1945," The South Atlantic Quarterly 101, no. 4 (Fall 2002): 846.
7. For "Black Atlantic," see Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993). For the influence of African American music on Africa, see Tsitsi Ella Jaji, Africa in Stereo: Modernism, Music, and Pan-African Solidarity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
8. By post-slavery, I mean the set of political and cultural ideas and mate- rial conditions affecting those who are the descendants of enslaved peo- ples, primarily of African descent. Caught within a world constructed through anti-black ideas, people of African descent continued to face a world still intensely antagonistic toward black people, from poverty and unequal access to employment, education, and healthcare to state violence. See Saidiya Hartman, Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007);
9. Christina Sharpe, Monstrous Intimacies: Making Post-Slavery Subjects (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010).
10. Hilary McD. Beckles, "Capitalism, Slavery and Caribbean Modernity," Callaloo 20, no. 4 (Autumn 1997): 778.
11. Trouillot, "North Atlantic Universals," 851.
12. For a history of Jamaican popular music before ska, see Robert Witmer, "'Local' and 'Foreign': The Popular Music Culture of Kingston, Jamaica, before Ska, Rock Steady, and Reggae," Latin American Music Review 8, no. 1 (Spring-Summer 1987): 1-25.
13. See Franklin W. Knight, The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 305.
14. See David Northrup, Africa's Discovery of Europe, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013);
15. Trevor R. Getz, ed., African Voices of the Global Past: 1500 to the Present (Boulder: Westview Press, 2014);
16. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998).
17. See Marcus Rediker, The Slave Ship: A Human History (New York: Penguin, 2007);
18. Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
19. Knight, The Caribbean, 111; Kwasi Konadu, "Naming and Framing a Crime Against Humanity," in African Voices of the Global Past, 1500 to the Present, Trevor R. Getz, ed. (Boulder: Westview Press, 2014), 10-11.
20. See Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1986);
21. Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 2010);
22. Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (New York: Knopf, 2014);
23. Edward E. Baptist, The Half has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 2014).
24. Ian Baucom, Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of History (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005); Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013).
25. See Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010);
26. Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 24-25; Frank Wilderson III, "Gramsci's Black Marx: Whither the Slave in Civil Society?" Social Identities 9, no. 2 (2003): 225-240.
27. See Angela Y. Davis, Women, Race & Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1981);
28. Maria Mies, Patriarchy & Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour (London: Zed Books Ltd., 1986);
29. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1990);
30. Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).
31. Beckles, "Capitalism, Slavery and Caribbean Modernity," 785-786.
32. See Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000; 1983);
33. Beckles, "Capitalism, Slavery and Caribbean Modernity"; Susan Buck-Morss, Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009);
34. Trouillot, "North Atlantic Universals."
35. See Jerry Z. Muller, The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought (New York: Anchor Books, 2002).
36. See Justin Roberts, Slavery and the Enlightenment in the British Atlantic, 1750-1807 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013);
37. Andrew S. Curran, The Anatomy of Blackness: Science and Slavery in an Age of Enlightenment (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2011).
38. See James Farr, "'So vile and Miserable an Estate': The Problem of Slavery in Locke's Political Thought," Political Theory (1986): 263- 289;
39. Wayne Glausser, "Three approaches to Locke and the slave trade," Journal of the History of Ideas (1990): 199-216.
40. See Cheryl I. Harris, "Whiteness as Property," Harvard Law Review 106, no. 8 (June 1993): 1707-1791.
41. See Trouillot, "North Atlantic Universals"; Stuart Hall, "The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power," in Hall, et al., eds., Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies. For "imagined community," see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso Books, 2006).
42. See interview with James Horton, in Tracy Heather Strain, dir., Race: The Power of Illusion: Episode 2 "The Story We Tell" (California Newsreel, 2003).
43. Horace Campbell, Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1987), 34.
44. See Thompson, "From Judah to Jamaica."
45. Robinson, Black Marxism, xxx.
46. For Maroon communities, see Richard Price, ed., Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas, 3rd ed. (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1996);
47. Eugene D. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979);
48. Robinson, Black Marxism; See Kate Quinn, ed., Black Power in the Caribbean (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014).
49. Dick Hebdige, Cut 'n' Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music (London: Routledge, 1987), 51.
50. Campbell, Rasta and Resistance, 60.
51. Ibid., 64.
52. Ibid., 95.
53. John W. Pulis, "'Up-full Sounds': Language, Identity, and the Worldview of Rastafari," Ethnic Groups (1993), in Reggae, Rasta, Revolution: Jamaican Music from Ska to Dub, Chris Potash, ed. (New York: Schirmer Books, 1997), 21, 25.
54. Campbell, Rasta and Resistance, 107.
55. Winston James, Hold Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America (London: Verso, 1998), 20;
56. Michael Kaufman, Jamaica Under Manley: Dilemmas of Socialism and Democracy (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1985), 45.
57. Franklin W. Knight, The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 301.
58. Howard Johnson, "The Black Experience in the British Caribbean in the Twentieth Century," in Black Experience and the Empire, Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 344.
59. See Michael Kaufman, Jamaica Under Manley: Dilemmas of Socialism and Democracy (Chicago Chicago Review Press, 1985).
60. David Katz, Solid Foundation: An Oral History of Reggae (London: Jawbone Press, 2003), 13; Kevin O'Brien Chang and Wayne Chen, Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 10.
61. Verena Reckord, "Reggae, Rastafarianism and Cultural Identity," Jamaica Journal, August 1982, in Reggae, Rasta, Revolution: Jamaican Music from Ska to Dub, Chris Potash, ed. (New York: Schirmer Books, 1997), 4.
62. See Jocelyne Guilbault, Governing Sound: The Cultural Politics of Trinidad's Carnival Musics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
63. Campbell, Rasta and Resistance, 125.
64. Hebdige, Cut 'n' Mix, 62.
65. See Bonham C. Richardson, "Caribbean Migrations, 1838-1985," in The Modern Caribbean, Franklin W. Knight and Colin A. Palmer, eds. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989);
66. Elizabeth M. Thomas-Hope, Explanation in Caribbean Migration- Perception and the Image: Jamaica, Barbados, St. Vincent (London: Macmillan, 1992);
67. Howard Johnson, "The Black Experience in the British Caribbean in the Twentieth Century," in Black Experience and the Empire. Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
68. Katz, Solid Foundation, 23.
69. Hebdige, Cut 'n' Mix, 55-57.
70. Katz, Solid Foundation, 45.
71. Ibid.
72. Hebdige, Cut 'n' Mix, 65.
73. Rick Anderson, "Reggae Music: A History and Selective Discography," Notes 61, no. 1 (September 2004), 206.
74. Ibid., 207.
75. Ibid.
76. See Bradley, This is Reggae Music, 165.
77. Katz, Solid Foundation, 74.
78. See Brian Ward, Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998);
79. James B. Stewart, "Message in the Music: Political Commentary in Black Popular Music from Rhythm and Blues to Early Hip Hop," The Journal of African American History 90, no. 3 (Summer 2005): 196-225; Nelson George, The Death of Rhythm & Blues (New York: Penguin Books, 1988);
80. Craig Hansen Werner, A Change is Gonna Come: Music, Race & the Soul of America (New York: Plume, 1998);
81. Mark Anthony Neal, What the Music Said: Black Popular Music and Black Public Culture (New York: Routledge, 1999).
82. See Bradley, This is Reggae Music, 161.
83. Ward, Just My Soul Responding, 350.
84. Hebdige, Cut 'n' Mix, 72.
85. See Winston James and Clive Harris, eds., Inside Babylon: The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain, (London: Verso, 1993).
86. See Rupert Lewis, "Jamaican Black Power in the 1960s," in Quinn, ed., Black Power in the Caribbean.
87. Palmer, "Identity, Race, and Black Power in Independent Jamaica," 119. Also see Rodney, The Groundings with My Brothers and his How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1982).
88. Bradley, This is Reggae Music, 195-196.
89. Lewis, "Jamaican Black Power in the 1960s," 70. Also see Anthony Bogues, "Black Power, Decolonization, and Caribbean Politics: Walter Rodney and the Politics of The Groundings with My Brothers," bound- ary2 36, no. 1 (2009): 127-147; Simboonath Singh, "Resistance, Essentialism, and Empowerment in Black Nationalist Discourse in the African Diaspora: A Comparison of the Back to Africa, Black Power, and Rastafari Movements," Journal of African American Studies 8, no. 3 (Winter 2004): 18-36.
90. The Beatles, The White Album (Parlophone, 1968), LP 46443.
91. Hebdige, Cut 'n' Mix, 75.
92. Katz, Solid Foundation, 126.
93. Bradley, This is Reggae Music, 198.
94. Ibid., 202.
95. Ibid., 203.
96. See Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, "Tuning Hebrew Psalms to Reggae Rhythms: Rastas' Revolutionary Lamentations for Social Change," Cross Currents 50, no. 4 (Winter 2000-2001). http://www.crosscurrents. org/murrell.htm, accessed May 9, 2015.
97. See Mike Alleyne, "'Babylon' makes the rules': The Politics of Reggae Crossover," Social and Economic Studies 47, no. 1 (March 1998): 65-77.
98. See Michael E. Veal, Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2007).
99. See Nico Slate, ed., Black Power Beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012);
100. Brenda Gayle Plummer, In Search of Power: African Americans in the Era of Decolonization, 1956-1974 (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
101. Kaufman, Jamaica Under Manley, 71.
102. See Hasse Huss, "The 'Zinc-Fence Thing,': When Will Reggae Album Covers be Allowed out of the Ghetto?" Black Music Research Journal 20, no. 2 (Autumn 2000): 181-194; Paul Gilroy, Small Acts: Thoughts on the Politics of Black Culture (London: Serpent's Tail, 2000);
103. Chris Morrow, Stir it Up: Reggae Album Cover Art (London: Thames and Hudson, 1999).
104. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, 220.
105. See Kate Quinn, "Black Power in Caribbean Context," in Black Power in the Caribbean.
106. Katz, Solid Foundation, 139.
107. Ibid., 157.
108. See Daniel McClure, "Defining, Re-Defining Colonial Legacies in Film: Live and Let Die, The Harder They Come, and the Cultural Geographies of Early 1970s Jamaica," in James Bond and Popular Culture: The Films Are Not Enough, 2nd ed., Robert G. Weiner, Lynn Whitfeld, and Jack Becker (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011).
109. Hebdige, Cut 'n' Mix, 84.
110. Christopher Partridge, Dub in Babylon: Understanding the Evolution and Significance of Dub Reggae in Jamaica and Britain from King Tubby to Post-Punk (London: Equinox, 2010), 65.
111. Katz, Solid Foundation, 189; Partridge, Dub in Babylon, 58. 88. Veal, Dub, 42.
112. Ibid., 197.
113. Campbell, Rasta and Resistance, 101.
114. See Colin Grant, The Natural Mystics: Marley, Tosh, and Wailer (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2011).
115. Bradley, This is Reggae Music, 469. Also see Perry Mars and Alma H. Young, eds. Caribbean Labor and Politics: Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004).
116. See Robinson, Black Marxism; Bogues, Black Heretics, Black Prophets; Nico Slate, ed., Black Power Beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
117. See James P. Lewis, dir., Heartland Reggae (Tuff Gong Pictures, 1980).
118. Bradley, This is Reggae Music, 472.
119. Rachel Mordecai, "'The same bucky-massa business': Peter Tosh and I-an-I at the one love peace concert," Kunapipi 30, no. 2 (2008): 33.
120. Mackie, "Welcome the Outlaw," 26.
121. Mordecai, "'The same bucky-massa business,'" 34.
122. See Plummer, In Search of Power.
123. See Obiagele Lake, "The many voices of Rastafarian women: Sexual sub- ordination in the midst of liberation," NWIG: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids (1994): 235-257;
124. David Kapp, "Reggae against racism… but what about sexism?" Agenda 8, no. 14 (1992): 68-70.
125. Obiagele Lake, "Religion, Patriarchy, and the Status of Rastafarian Women," in New Trends and Development in African Religions, Peter B. Clarke, ed. (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998), 141.
126. For late 1970s and 1980s Black Feminism, see Michelle Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman (1978; London: Verso, 1990);
127. bell hooks, Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Boston: South End Press, 1981);
128. Hazel V. Carby, "White woman listen!: Black feminism and the boundaries of sisterhood," in Centre for Contemorary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 70s Britain (London: Routledge, 1982);
129. Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies (New York: The Feminist Press, 1982);
130. Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider: Essays & Speeches (Freedom: The Crossing Press, 1984).
131. See Carole Boyce Davies, "Sisters Outside: Tracing the Caribbean/Black Radical Intellectual Tradition," Small Axe 13, no. 1 (2009): 217-229.
132. Katz, Solid Foundation, 299.
133. Harvey Pekar, "The Secret Museum of Music: Shanachie Records," The Weekly Wire, July 13, 1998. http://www.weeklywire.com/ww/07-13- 98/austin_music_feature4.html.
134. Carolyn Cooper, "'Ragamuffin Sounds': Crossing Over from Reggae to Rap and Back," Caribbean Quarterly (1998): 153-168.
135. Katz, Solid Foundation, 335.
136. Ibid., 346. Also see Marvin Sterling, Babylon East: Performing Dancehall, Roots Reggae, and Rastafari in Japan (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010);
137. Donald N. Levine, "Ethiopia, Japan, and Jamaica: A century of Globally Linked Modernizations," International Journal of Ethiopian Studies (2007): 41-51.
138. Ibid., 332.
139. Quoted in, John Leland, "When Rap Meets Reggae," Newsweek, September 7, 1992, in Reggae, Rasta, Revolution: Jamaican Music from Ska to Dub, Chris Potash, ed. (New York: Schirmer Books, 1997), 187. For New York as birthplace of neoliberalism, see David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
140. Sonjah Stanley Niaah, "'Slackness Personified,' Historicized and Delegitimized," Small Axe 10, no. 3 (2006): 174-185.
141. See Andrew Ross, "Mr. Reggae DJ, Meet the International Monetary Fund," Black Renaissance 1, no. 3 (1998): 208.
142. See Robert Neuwirth, The Stealth of Nations: The Global Rise of the Informal Economy (New York: Pantheon, 2011).
143. See Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Penguin, 1982).
144. Beckles, "Capitalism, Slavery and Caribbean Modernity," 786.
145. See Robert Capps, "Why Black Market Entrepreneurs Matter to the World Economy," Wired, December 16, 2011. http://www.wired. com/2011/12/mf_neuwirth_qa/, accessed June 7, 2015. Also see Neuwirth, The Stealth of Nations.