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Title
Abstract
FAQs
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Introduction
Cathode Materials
Other Cathode Materials
Anode Materials
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Conclusions
References
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Materials Science

Potassium-Ion Batteries: Key to Future Large-Scale Energy Storage?

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2020, ACS Applied Energy Materials

https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSAEM.0C01574
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47 pages

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Abstract

The demand for large scale, sustainable, eco-friendly and safe energy storage systems are ever increasing. Currently, lithium-ion battery (LIB) is being used in large scale for various applications due to its unique features. However, its feasibility and viability as a long-term solution is under question due to the dearth and uneven geographical distribution of the lithium resources. It is in this context that alternative energy storage systems become significant. Potassium-ion battery (KIB) is one of the latest entrants into this arena. Researchers have demonstrated that this technology has potential to become a competing technology to the LIBs and sodium ion batteries (NIB). This review summarizes the research progress achieved in this technology including electrode materials, electrolyte, binders etc. along with a brief discussion about the future prospects and opportunities.

FAQs

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What advantages do potassium-ion batteries have over lithium-ion batteries?add

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) exhibit lower raw material costs due to potassium's abundance, and they demonstrate relatively high energy density with competitive electrochemical performance, as shown by standard reduction potentials nearing that of lithium.

How do potassium-ion battery costs compare to lithium-ion batteries?add

The paper indicates that KIBs are generally cheaper than lithium-based systems due to the low cost of potassium carbonate salts compared to lithium salts, along with potassium's greater natural abundance.

What cathode materials have been studied for potassium-ion batteries?add

Research has focused on hexacyanoferrate derivatives like Prussian Blue, which maintains good electrochemical behavior, demonstrating a discharge voltage of 3.9 V and 95% capacity retention after 100 cycles.

How does the electrochemical performance of potassium-ion batteries evolve?add

Studies reveal that KIBs display improved ionic conductivity and rate capability due to smaller solvated potassium ions, which enhance ionic mobility compared to other alkali metals.

Why is the energy density of potassium-ion batteries a concern?add

Despite their benefits, KIBs face challenges due to lower energy densities compared to lithium-ion systems, which limits their applications in energy-dense sectors like electric vehicles.

Figures (14)
Figure 1: Number of publications since 2010 on KIBs. (Upto 3™ July 2020, generated by SciFinder using the keyword “potassium ion batteries”).
Figure 1: Number of publications since 2010 on KIBs. (Upto 3™ July 2020, generated by SciFinder using the keyword “potassium ion batteries”).
Figure 2. Gravimetric and volumetric energy density of different energy storage systems Reproduced with permission from ref 8. Copyright 2018 John Wiley and sons potentials, are not suitable for battery systems.
Figure 2. Gravimetric and volumetric energy density of different energy storage systems Reproduced with permission from ref 8. Copyright 2018 John Wiley and sons potentials, are not suitable for battery systems.
Table 1: Comparison between Li, Na and K Na and K is given in Table 1.
Table 1: Comparison between Li, Na and K Na and K is given in Table 1.
electrochemical properties and a comparison of these materials is given in Figure 3 [24].
electrochemical properties and a comparison of these materials is given in Figure 3 [24].
cyclability, low cost and ease of fabrication [14]. Figure 4: Cyclic voltammogram of PB electrode in non-aqueous electrolyte of IM KBF, in 3:7 EC/EMC. Reproduced with permission from ref 14. Copyright 2004 Elsevier. hey concluded that PB can be used as a cathode for KIB owing to its advantages like excellen 3:7 EC/EMC. Reproduced with permission from ref 14. Copyright 2004 Elsevier.
cyclability, low cost and ease of fabrication [14]. Figure 4: Cyclic voltammogram of PB electrode in non-aqueous electrolyte of IM KBF, in 3:7 EC/EMC. Reproduced with permission from ref 14. Copyright 2004 Elsevier. hey concluded that PB can be used as a cathode for KIB owing to its advantages like excellen 3:7 EC/EMC. Reproduced with permission from ref 14. Copyright 2004 Elsevier.
EC/D) plateaus at 3.97 and 3.89 V in potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF¢) in | EC [36]. In both It is reported that potasstum prussian white K,Fe[Fe(CN).] (x=1.6 to 1.75) also delivers high capacities of 110-140 mAh g" [36,37,38]. Interestingly, studies by He et al. revealed that
EC/D) plateaus at 3.97 and 3.89 V in potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF¢) in | EC [36]. In both It is reported that potasstum prussian white K,Fe[Fe(CN).] (x=1.6 to 1.75) also delivers high capacities of 110-140 mAh g" [36,37,38]. Interestingly, studies by He et al. revealed that
American Chemical Society.
American Chemical Society.
with permission from ref 39. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.
with permission from ref 39. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.
Figure 8. (a) Lit ion, (b) Na* ion and (c) K* ion intercalation in FeSO,F framework. Like the Fe-based polyanionic cathode materials, vanadium-based systems were also
Figure 8. (a) Lit ion, (b) Na* ion and (c) K* ion intercalation in FeSO,F framework. Like the Fe-based polyanionic cathode materials, vanadium-based systems were also
rate capability has improved [69].
rate capability has improved [69].
capacity retention over 240 cycles compared to 6% over 140 cycles for graphite [70].
capacity retention over 240 cycles compared to 6% over 140 cycles for graphite [70].
Based on the volume expansion observed in graphite anodes due to K* ion insertion
Based on the volume expansion observed in graphite anodes due to K* ion insertion
Figure 12(a). The charge/discharge profiles at 0.1 C for the first cycle for HINCA type electrode and its comparison with solid carbon foam made from precured MF resin and powdered HINCA type electrode. (b) Specific capacity and coulombic efficiency at different rates (c) Cycling performance of the HINCA-type electrode at 1 C. Reproduced with permission from ref 71. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.
Figure 12(a). The charge/discharge profiles at 0.1 C for the first cycle for HINCA type electrode and its comparison with solid carbon foam made from precured MF resin and powdered HINCA type electrode. (b) Specific capacity and coulombic efficiency at different rates (c) Cycling performance of the HINCA-type electrode at 1 C. Reproduced with permission from ref 71. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

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