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An Insight of Information Security: A Skeleton

Profile image of Soham JoshiSoham Joshi

2019, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

https://doi.org/10.35940/IJRTE.C4922.098319
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6 pages

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Abstract

In this age of growing and developing information and technology, data security, integrity and confidentiality are essential aspects related to shared data over some network or medium. Many techniques over the years have been developed for securing the messages from attack or theft or breach of very sensible and essential data when shared over a network. The security threats to data have been ascending, so are the data hiding or securing techniques. This is where Information Security has a role to play. Development of techniques and methods that prevents the essential and secret data being stolen and thus providing security to the data. This paper discusses the significance of Information Security, its evolution since its infant stage and study about various subdomains of the same. This paper also shows a comparative study of various Information Security Techniques, their pros and cons and the applications in various domains. This paper analyses various Information Security methods ...

Figures (8)
Information Security has evolved over the years developing various security techniques which are described further in this paper. [1]-[8] The specializations offered by Information Security can be named as securing networks, allied infrastructures, security applications and databases, security testing, information system auditing, penetration testing, record protection and discovery, digital forensics. Due to the inefficiency of the information security techniques, threats to information and data hiding has become overhead. The threats faced by the information sharing organization and the transmission medium are theft, software attacks which includes viruses, Trojans, phishing, malware protection and security, masquerading, denial of service, etc. For overcoming these, various techniques have been developed to secure the data. It all started with Caesar Cipher, The Enigma Machines, Asymmetric key Encryption, The Affine Cipher, Alphabetic Ciphers, Transposition Techniques, Substitution Techniques, Data Encryption Standards (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Watermarking, Digital Signatures, Stream Ciphers, Cryptography, Steganography and CryptoSteganography. All the previous techniques have their pros and cons and their characteristics. This paper includes a detailed study of the significant Information Security Techniques and their sub-branches as well. Also, it describes the comparative study of these techniques with various attributes, making it easier for clarification based on the properties a technique possess and _ its characteristics. > ——, a
Information Security has evolved over the years developing various security techniques which are described further in this paper. [1]-[8] The specializations offered by Information Security can be named as securing networks, allied infrastructures, security applications and databases, security testing, information system auditing, penetration testing, record protection and discovery, digital forensics. Due to the inefficiency of the information security techniques, threats to information and data hiding has become overhead. The threats faced by the information sharing organization and the transmission medium are theft, software attacks which includes viruses, Trojans, phishing, malware protection and security, masquerading, denial of service, etc. For overcoming these, various techniques have been developed to secure the data. It all started with Caesar Cipher, The Enigma Machines, Asymmetric key Encryption, The Affine Cipher, Alphabetic Ciphers, Transposition Techniques, Substitution Techniques, Data Encryption Standards (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Watermarking, Digital Signatures, Stream Ciphers, Cryptography, Steganography and CryptoSteganography. All the previous techniques have their pros and cons and their characteristics. This paper includes a detailed study of the significant Information Security Techniques and their sub-branches as well. Also, it describes the comparative study of these techniques with various attributes, making it easier for clarification based on the properties a technique possess and _ its characteristics. > ——, a
Watermarking is assurance about the identity of the owner of the data. It holds the integrity and authenticity of the data. It can be a visible or invisible watermark. Watermarking does not hamper the original data; it changes the data (specifically an image, pdf or word file) so that you see some background without corrupting the image [1]. Visible Watermarks are generally logos or text that appears over an image or a file (pdf or doc). Invisible Watermark is for videos, images and audios where one cannot directly perceive. It can be extracted by different means. Audio watermarking techniques [2] highly emphasize on imperfections of the human auditory system. It exposes the fact that the human auditory system is insensitive to small amplitude changes concerning the time domain or frequency domain. Thus audio watermarking is performed and implemented by insertion of low amplitude or low-frequency signals by embedding them into audio waves. Watermarking is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 2. Watermarking is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 2. B. Digital Signatures
Watermarking is assurance about the identity of the owner of the data. It holds the integrity and authenticity of the data. It can be a visible or invisible watermark. Watermarking does not hamper the original data; it changes the data (specifically an image, pdf or word file) so that you see some background without corrupting the image [1]. Visible Watermarks are generally logos or text that appears over an image or a file (pdf or doc). Invisible Watermark is for videos, images and audios where one cannot directly perceive. It can be extracted by different means. Audio watermarking techniques [2] highly emphasize on imperfections of the human auditory system. It exposes the fact that the human auditory system is insensitive to small amplitude changes concerning the time domain or frequency domain. Thus audio watermarking is performed and implemented by insertion of low amplitude or low-frequency signals by embedding them into audio waves. Watermarking is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 2. Watermarking is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 2. B. Digital Signatures
C.Fingerprinting
C.Fingerprinting
Fig. 4 Encryption in Cryptography Technique
Fig. 4 Encryption in Cryptography Technique
Table I. Security aspects of various Information Security Techniques
Table I. Security aspects of various Information Security Techniques
Fig. 5 Decryption in Cryptography Technique E. Steganography Steganography [5] does not change the data, but it hides the data under some cover (carrier) message. Therefore, it vanishes the very existence of the data being transmitted. It applies to text, image, audio and video type of data [5]. Steganography satisfies the need of the security triad that is Confidentiality Integrity and Availability.
Fig. 5 Decryption in Cryptography Technique E. Steganography Steganography [5] does not change the data, but it hides the data under some cover (carrier) message. Therefore, it vanishes the very existence of the data being transmitted. It applies to text, image, audio and video type of data [5]. Steganography satisfies the need of the security triad that is Confidentiality Integrity and Availability.
Fig. 6 Steganography Technique fig. 6 Steganography lechnique In text steganography [5], [7], the text is embedded within a piece of another text such that it appears like a normal text when read by the third party. In image steganography [5], bits of images are substituted with the secret bits of the message. In video steganography [5], bits of frames are altered, and secret information is passed onto them. In audio steganography [5], the frequencies or amplitudes are altered, and data is transmitted over a network. All these techniques hide a secret message under some cover of higher frequency (bandwidth). Implementation techniques are LSB Insertion 8], Discrete Cosine Transform [9] and Spread Spectrum technique [10]. Many techniques are related to specific areas or domains of applications of Steganography. Steganography has three types. Secret key Steganography, where communication happens over a public network and dependent upon the secret key chosen by the communicating parties. Public Key Steganography [6], where the sender uses the receiver’s public key and only receiver can recover the message using the corresponding private key. Pure Steganography [6], where no prior communication happens between the parties and relies on secrecy through obscurity. Here the key is not given or even decided between the communicating parties and extraction of a message from the given data or information is to be done by trial and error. Due to confusion and randomness of the message, it is discontinued in use. Steganography procedure is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Steganography Technique fig. 6 Steganography lechnique In text steganography [5], [7], the text is embedded within a piece of another text such that it appears like a normal text when read by the third party. In image steganography [5], bits of images are substituted with the secret bits of the message. In video steganography [5], bits of frames are altered, and secret information is passed onto them. In audio steganography [5], the frequencies or amplitudes are altered, and data is transmitted over a network. All these techniques hide a secret message under some cover of higher frequency (bandwidth). Implementation techniques are LSB Insertion 8], Discrete Cosine Transform [9] and Spread Spectrum technique [10]. Many techniques are related to specific areas or domains of applications of Steganography. Steganography has three types. Secret key Steganography, where communication happens over a public network and dependent upon the secret key chosen by the communicating parties. Public Key Steganography [6], where the sender uses the receiver’s public key and only receiver can recover the message using the corresponding private key. Pure Steganography [6], where no prior communication happens between the parties and relies on secrecy through obscurity. Here the key is not given or even decided between the communicating parties and extraction of a message from the given data or information is to be done by trial and error. Due to confusion and randomness of the message, it is discontinued in use. Steganography procedure is shown in Fig. 6.
Cryptography is the art of hiding the messages by changing the message in order to introduce secrecy, while Steganography [8] is an art of hiding the existence of the message itself. CryptoSteganography [11] is an amalgamation of both these techniques for better Information Security. Implementation technique involves LSB (Least Significant Bit) insertion to embed encrypted messages into cover (carrier) files while MSE [11] (Mean Squared Error) and PSNR [11] (Peak signal-to-noise ratio) is used to acquire the quality of images. CryptoSteganography provides more security to the data and solves the problem of robustness and capacity. It provides two level security for the data, level one by cryptography (encryption) and level two by steganography (cover image diffusion). The Fig. 7 shows the procedure for CryptoSteganography. I. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INFORMATION SECURITY TECHNIQUES
Cryptography is the art of hiding the messages by changing the message in order to introduce secrecy, while Steganography [8] is an art of hiding the existence of the message itself. CryptoSteganography [11] is an amalgamation of both these techniques for better Information Security. Implementation technique involves LSB (Least Significant Bit) insertion to embed encrypted messages into cover (carrier) files while MSE [11] (Mean Squared Error) and PSNR [11] (Peak signal-to-noise ratio) is used to acquire the quality of images. CryptoSteganography provides more security to the data and solves the problem of robustness and capacity. It provides two level security for the data, level one by cryptography (encryption) and level two by steganography (cover image diffusion). The Fig. 7 shows the procedure for CryptoSteganography. I. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INFORMATION SECURITY TECHNIQUES

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