ABC – a New Fast Flexible Stream Cipher Specification, Version 3

International Journal of Engineering Research and

Symmetric key cryptography is the most commonly used primitive and stream cipher, in particular, meets the requirement of such algorithms. Developing a software-based synchronous stream cipher is reduced to building a pseudo-random sequence generator with specified cryptographic properties. It is pertinent to note that the implementation of such reliable cryptographic primitives is extremely complicated in practice that requires small processing capacity, low volume, low area, and low power consumption. In the recent past, a few lightweight stream ciphers have been implemented for real applications. In this paper, we have proposed softwarebased synchronous lightweight stream ciphers, BOKHARI 256, mainly aimed for resource-constrained devices such as Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) Tags, Wireless Sensor Node (WSN) and devices with limited processing capabilities, memory, power resources and the limited computational unit, insufficient wireless bandwidth and low ability to communicate and other general-purpose devices such as credit card, smart card, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), etc. BOKHARI 256 has designed using the feature of some well-known stream ciphers like FRUIT, LIZARD, SOBER and Grain 128 to improve the performance. The cipher BOKHARI 256 uses a 256-bit key and initialization vector (IV) that is known to be safe and can withstand several cryptographic attacks. BOKHARI 256 uses eight variant stage LFSRs and a linear feedback function () for providing 256-bit security while the internal states and bit permutation use commutation relations of bitstream over (). We used some new design paradigm to fulfill the requirement of a low-cost environment as mentioned above.

2008

Sosemanuk is a new synchronous software-oriented stream cipher, corresponding to Profile 1 of the ECRYPT call for stream cipher primitives. Its key length is variable between 128 and 256 bits. It accommodates a 128-bit initial value. Any key length is claimed to achieve 128-bit security. The Sosemanuk cipher uses both some basic design principles from the stream cipher SNOW 2.0 and some transformations derived from the block cipher SERPENT. Sosemanuk aims at improving SNOW 2.0 both from the security and from the efficiency points of view. Most notably, it uses a faster IV-setup procedure. It also requires a reduced amount of static data, yielding better performance on several architectures.

2018

This paper deals with the merger of the two lightweight stream ciphers—A5/1 and Trivium. The idea is to make the key stream generation more secure and to remove the attacks of the individual algorithms. The bits generated by the Trivium cipher (output) will act as the input of the A5/1 cipher. The registers used in the A5/1 cipher will be filled by the output bits of the Trivium cipher. The three registers will then be connected to generate an output which will be our required key stream.

The number of internet of things (IoT) applications has increased, which has increased the demand for low-resource gadgets. The data produced by these devices must be protected to guarantee security. The devices operate in conditions with limited space, computational power, memory, and energy. High-security standards are difficult to achieve with limited resources. The detailed analysis of various stream ciphers and their performance metrics is reviewed in this manuscript. The functionality of the stream ciphers is categorized and thoroughly discussed based on both the hardware and software viewpoints. The security attacks and their countermeasure methods using stream ciphers are discussed. The performance metrics of most hardware-based stream ciphers, including the ECRYPT stream cipher project (eSTREAM) ciphers, are discussed. Each hardware stream cipher design highlights the hardware constraints such as chip area, frequency, throughput, and hardware efficiency. The work also highlights the various applications using these stream ciphers. The current trends using these stream ciphers are discussed with futuristic goals.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003

We present a new stream cipher, Rabbit, based on iterating a set of coupled non-linear functions. Rabbit is characterized by a high performance in software with a measured encryption/decryption speed of 3.7 clock cycles per byte on a Pentium III processor. We have performed detailed security analysis, in particular, correlation analysis and algebraic investigations. The cryptanalysis of Rabbit did not reveal an attack better than exhaustive key search.

2005 Annual IEEE India Conference - Indicon

A new fast stream cipher, MAJE4 is designed and developed with a variable key size of 128-bit or 256-bit. The randomness property of the stream cipher is analysed by using the statistical tests. The performance evaluation of the stream cipher is done in comparison with another fast stream cipher called JEROBOAM. The focus is to generate a long unpredictable key stream with better performance, which can be used for cryptographic applications.

In this paper, we propose a new stream cipher construction based on block cipher design principles. The main idea is to replace the building blocks used in block ciphers by equivalent stream cipher components. In order to illustrate this approach, we construct a very simple synchronous stream cipher which provides a lot of flexibility for hardware implementations, and seems to have a number of desirable cryptographic properties.

International Journal of Applied Physics and Mathematics, 2015

By employing the characteristics of the basic structure (keystream), Stream ciphers designers attempt to create algorithms that have advanced features from security and speed point of view. They take into consideration the state-of-the-art scientific and technical developments to design more advanced algorithm versions. This research proposes the design of a new efficient and secure stream cipher, named BloStream which proves to be more secure than conventional stream ciphers that commonly implement Exclusive-OR (XOR) for mixing. The proposed algorithm encompasses two major components. The first part involves the Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG), exhausting Rabbit algorithm. And the second part involves a nonlinear invertible round function (combiner), depending on Rijndael-like function algorithm, to perform the encryption/decryption processes. This new construction strengthens the weak XOR combiner. The proposed cipher is not only a random number generator but also a self-synchronizing stream cipher in such a way that the cipher text influences its internal functioning. The proposed algorithm utilizes 16-bytes secret key to encrypt the plaintext which is a multiple of 16-bytes up to 2 64 bytes length. The evaluation of BloStream performance, in terms of implementation aspects and security properties as well as the statistical test for keystream and comparison with similar systems revealed that, BloStream was more efficient, faster, and securer than the conventional stream ciphers.

2008

In this paper, we present Decim, a stream cipher hardwareoriented selected for the phase 3 of the ECRYPT stream cipher project eSTREAM. As required by the initial call for hardware-oriented stream cipher contribution, Decim manages 80-bit secret keys and 64-bit public initialization vectors. The design of Decim combines two filtering mechanisms: a nonlinear Boolean filter over a LFSR, followed by an irregular decimation mechanism called the ABSG. Since designers have been invited to demonstrate flexibility of their design by proposing variants that take 128-bit keys, we also present a 128-bit security version of Decim called Decim-128.

IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, 2014

The main idea of any stream cipher algorithm is to generate stream cipher key base on the use set of LFSR with fix arrangement, all this LFSR are filling depending on the value of the basic key. In this paper we implement new technique base on dynamic stream cipher algorithm. In this algorithm we implemented dynamic stream cipher algorithm which base on idea of changing the structure of the LFSR with each change in BK and MK to get complex ciphering algorithm this is done by use a bank of LFSR store in file and we select random 10 register that is used in algorithm to generate the key. We implement Basic Efficient Criteria on Key Generator (KG) to test the result which is store in binary files. Three sample of key generation (KG) store in the binary file are test and all the sample is pass the test. I. INTRODUCTION The security of GSM conversation is based on usage of the A5 family of stream ciphers. Many hundred million customers in Europe are protected from over-the-air piracy by the stronger version in this family, the A5/1 stream cipher. Other customers on other markets use the weaker version, A5/2. The approximate design of A5/1 leaked in 1994, and in 1999 the exact design of both A5/1 and A5/2 was discovered by Briceno [1]. A lot of investigations of the A5 stream ciphers followed. In 1987, Ron Rivest from RSA Data Security, Inc. made a design of a byte oriented stream cipher called RC4 [2]. This cipher found its application in many Internet and security protocols. The design was kept secret up to 1994, when the alleged specification of RC4 was leaked for the first time [3]. Since that time many cryptanalysis attempts have been done on RC4 [4, 5, and 6]. The stream cipher Grain was developed by a group of researchers M. Hell, T. Johansson, and W. Meier, and was especially designed for being very small and fast in hardware implementation. It uses the key of length 80 bits and the IV is 64 bits, its internal state is of size 160 bits. Grain uses a nonlinear feedback shift register (NLFSR) and a linear feedback shift register (LFSR), and the idea to use NLFSR is quite new in modern cryptography [7]. Scream was developed by the IBM researchers Coppersmith, Halevi, and Jutla in 2002 [8]. It is a purely software-oriented stream cipher. The design is based on the ideas behind the SEAL stream cipher [19], but considered to be more secure. The so-called-toy cipher‖ denoted Scream0 uses the AES S-box whereas the Scream stream cipher uses secret S-boxes, generated by the key. At FSE 2004, a new stream cipher called VMPC [9] was proposed by Bartosz Zoltak, which appeared to be a modification of the RC4 stream cipher. In cryptanalysis, a linear distinguishing attack is one of the most common attacks on stream ciphers. In paper [10] it was claimed that VMPC is designed especially to resist distinguishing attacks. At the same conference, FSE 2004, another cipher, RC4A [10], was proposed by Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel. This cipher is another modification of RC4. Recently, a new European project eSTREAM [11] has started, and at the first stage of the project 35 new proposals were received by May 2005. Although many previous stream ciphers were broken, collected cryptanalysis experience allowed strengthening new proposals significantly, and there are many of them that are strong against different kinds of attacks. One such good proposal was the new stream cipher Grain. Dragon is a word oriented stream cipher [12] submitted to the eSTREAM project, designed by a group of researchers, Ed Dawson et al. It is a word oriented stream cipher that operates on key sizes of 128 and 256 bits. The original idea of the design is to use a nonlinear feedback shift register (NLFSR) and a linear part (counter), combined by a filter function to generate a new state of the NLFSR and produce the keystream. The internal state of the cipher is 1088 bits, which is updated by a nonlinear function denoted by F. This function is also used as a filter function producing the keystream. The idea to use a NLFSR is quite modern, and there are not many cryptanalysis techniques on NLFSRs yet developed. Ali F. H. [13] introduces the mathematical process to generate a sequence from two generators of The Multiplicative Cyclic Group (MCG). The two generators with some initial variables (keys) make a unit called MCG unit. A number of MCG units are combined with each other by a combining logical function to get MCG system.