Gestational surrogacy

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1990

This record analysis describes the obstetric outcomes of a series of 44 pregnancies occurring in 41 women who underwent donor insemination as participants in a private surrogate parenting program between 1981 and 1985. The typical surrogate mother was 25 years old with a high school education and married with one child 2 years old. Twenty-nine percent of the sample reported no source of income other than welfare. Two thirds of the histories included at least one of the following perinatal risk factors: smoking (n = 19), low annual income (n = 15), unmarried status (n = 12), or parity of 0 or >4 (n = 5). Six losses occurred in the first or second trimester. Thirty-nine viable infants were born to 37 women and include one set of fraternal twins. Three of the singleton newborns weighed <2500 gm; newborn morbidity after preterm delivery occurred in one case. Women with complications (n = 14) were similar in maternal age, education, parity, annual income, marital status, and smoking history to women without complications (n = 24). A role for psychosocial stress and financial motivation in the etiology of these outcomes is explored.

Bioethics

At present-barring legal, regulatory and financial obstacles to access-women with absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI) 1 have two options for parenthood: adoption and surrogacy. Recent trials in uterus transplantation (UTx) seek to add a third option. This would allow those desirous of the opportunity, and willing to undertake the risks of at least three major surgeries, to become, not only social and/ or genetic parents as they may through adoption and traditional or gestational surrogacy arrangements, 2 but parents in a social, ge-1 Absolute uterine factor infertility is an umbrella term covering infertility problems in women who either lack a uterus as a result of congenital abnormality or previous hysterectomy or possess a uterus but due to physiological or anatomical abnormalities are unable to conceive or sustain gestation. See Lefkowitz, A., Edwards, M., & Balayla, J. (2012). The Montreal criteria for the ethical feasibility of uterine transplantation. Transplant International, 25, 439. 2 Here, traditional surrogacy refers to surrogacy arrangements in which the surrogate is genetically related to the child she gestates (i.e., using her own ova and either donor sperm or the sperm of the intended father) and gestational surrogacy refers to arrangements in which the surrogate is not genetically related to the child she gestates (i.e., where the ova of the intended mother or that of a donor is used).

Open Medicine, 2018

This study originated from events that occurred in 2014 in an Italian hospital, where the embryos of a couple, obtained by means of homologous insemination, were mistakenly implanted into the uterus of another woman who, along with her husband, underwent the same treatment. Faced with this serious adverse circumstance, that gives rise to ethical and legal issues, the authors conducted a comparative examination of how to consider the division of maternity (between biological mother and uterine mother) and the related division of paternity (between genetic father and legal father, husband or partner of the gestational mother). Some preliminary observations are made concerning parenthood and filiation within the context of currently applicable Italian law. The following is a detailed analysis of the arguments in favour of the parental figures involved (gestational mother/genetic mother).

ADEBANKE REBECCA ADEWUMI, 2017

Having a child is the ultimate happiness in life. Surrogacy as one of the methods of assisted reproductive technology (ART) like other methods has provided solutions to the challenges faced by involuntarily childless especially couples who are financially buoyant. Existing social and health protection rights to the surrogate mother covers the rights of the child in surrogacy arrangements. This project critically examines the grounds that exists to statutorily regulate or streamline who could access or provide surrogacy services and to protect the best interests of the consumers and children that may result from accessing the procedures. The surrogacy agents from the clinic claim that most of the commissioning mothers had missing uterus. However, other reasons for the commissioning parents to opt for surrogacy includes long term illness like diabetes, dysfunctional sexual organ etc There are some legal and ethical issues arising from the surrogacy arrangements. It seems not to be ethical for someone to create a human life with the intention of relinquishing it. This appears to be the primary concern for surrogate arrangements since the surrogate mother is providing germinal material only upon the assurance that someone else will take responsibility for the child she helps to create. The surrogate mother provides her ovum with the clear understanding that she has to avoid responsibility for the life she creates and she has to dissociate herself from the child in exchange of some other benefit such as money. In such a way, at the deepest level surrogate arrangements cannot be viewed as ethical, because they involve a change in motive for giving birth for the sake of some other benefits (money). On the other hand, using a surrogacy service when the biological mother cannot bear the child is no more morally objectionable than employing others to help educate, train, or otherwise care for a child. This paper seeks to address the legal and ethical issues of surrogacy as a method of assisted reproductive technology and examines the relevant domestic and international legislations, instruments and cases on this issue. Having a child is the ultimate happiness in life. Surrogacy as one of the methods of assisted reproductive technology (ART) like other methods has provided solutions to the challenges faced by involuntarily childless especially couples who are financially buoyant. Existing social and health protection rights to the surrogate mother covers the rights of the child in surrogacy arrangements. This project critically examines the grounds that exists to statutorily regulate or streamline who could access or provide surrogacy services and to protect the best interests of the consumers and children that may result from accessing the procedures. The surrogacy agents from the clinic claim that most of the commissioning mothers had missing uterus. However, other reasons for the commissioning parents to opt for surrogacy includes long term illness like diabetes, dysfunctional sexual organ etc There are some legal and ethical issues arising from the surrogacy arrangements. It seems not to be ethical for someone to create a human life with the intention of relinquishing it. This appears to be the primary concern for surrogate arrangements since the surrogate mother is providing germinal material only upon the assurance that someone else will take responsibility for the child she helps to create. The surrogate mother provides her ovum with the clear understanding that she has to avoid responsibility for the life she creates and she has to dissociate herself from the child in exchange of some other benefit such as money. In such a way, at the deepest level surrogate arrangements cannot be viewed as ethical, because they involve a change in motive for giving birth for the sake of some other benefits (money). On the other hand, using a surrogacy service when the biological mother cannot bear the child is no more morally objectionable than employing others to help educate, train, or otherwise care for a child. This paper seeks to address the legal and ethical issues of surrogacy as a method of assisted reproductive technology and examines the relevant domestic and international legislations, instruments and cases on this issue. ABSTRACT Having a child is the ultimate happiness in life. Surrogacy as one of the methods of assisted reproductive technology (ART) like other methods has provided solutions to the challenges faced by involuntarily childless especially couples who are financially buoyant. Existing social and health protection rights to the surrogate mother covers the rights of the child in surrogacy arrangements. This project critically examines the grounds that exists to statutorily regulate or streamline who could access or provide surrogacy services and to protect the best interests of the consumers and children that may result from accessing the procedures. The surrogacy agents from the clinic claim that most of the commissioning mothers had missing uterus. However, other reasons for the commissioning parents to opt for surrogacy includes long term illness like diabetes, dysfunctional sexual organ etc There are some legal and ethical issues arising from the surrogacy arrangements. It seems not to be ethical for someone to create a human life with the intention of relinquishing it. This appears to be the primary concern for surrogate arrangements since the surrogate mother is providing germinal material only upon the assurance that someone else will take responsibility for the child she helps to create. The surrogate mother provides her ovum with the clear understanding that she has to avoid responsibility for the life she creates and she has to dissociate herself from the child in exchange of some other benefit such as money. In such a way, at the deepest level surrogate arrangements cannot be viewed as ethical, because they involve a change in motive for giving birth for the sake of some other benefits (money). On the other hand, using a surrogacy service when the biological mother cannot bear the child is no more morally objectionable than employing others to help educate, train, or otherwise care for a child. This paper seeks to address the legal and ethical issues of surrogacy as a method of assisted reproductive technology and examines the relevant domestic and international legislations, instruments and cases on this issue.

Caucasian journal of science, 2014

The assisted reproductive technology was initially considered to be a treatment tool for infertile couples. However, as it was started in time to use the uteri of other women for the embryos of the other ones, the concept of surrogate maternity appeared. The surrogate maternity is practiced in three types. In the first type of surrogate maternity, the sperm of the spouse of the prospective mother is inseminated with the ovum of the surrogate mother. The second method is the in-vitro insemination of the ovum of the prospective mother with the sperm of her own spouse, and then transferring it into the uterus of the surrogate mother. The third method is to use the sperms and ovum of the third persons for insemination. The surrogate maternity comes with a number of ethical problems. It is reported that this practice may induce such risks that the natural reproduction would be withdrawn, and that the female body would become and sold as a reproductive box, the natural process would be medicalized, and some risks associated with the pregnancy and delivery would likely be experienced. For such reasons, there is a need to discuss the potential losses and benefits of the surrogate maternity.