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Environmental Science

Evolution of Sediment Parameters after a Beach Nourishment

Profile image of Bismarck Jigena AnteloBismarck Jigena Antelo

2021, Land

https://doi.org/10.3390/LAND10090914
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15 pages

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Abstract

A methodology for monitoring the behaviour and size of sand after a beach nourishment process is presented herein. Four sampling campaigns (before and just after the nourishment, after six months and one year later) were performed on four beaches of the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). D50 and sorting size parameters were analysed. Among the results, it should be noted that differences of up to 20% between native and nourished sand values disappear only one year after the nourishment.

Figures (13)
Figure 1. Location of the study area (A), the four beaches analysed in the Gulf of Cadiz and the wave buoy (B). Samples were taken from four beaches located in the Gulf of Cadiz: Santa Maria del Mar (SMM), Victoria (VB), Camposoto (CB), and La Barrosa (BB) (Figure 1). SMM has the particularity that it is embedded between two lateral groynes that confine it.
Figure 1. Location of the study area (A), the four beaches analysed in the Gulf of Cadiz and the wave buoy (B). Samples were taken from four beaches located in the Gulf of Cadiz: Santa Maria del Mar (SMM), Victoria (VB), Camposoto (CB), and La Barrosa (BB) (Figure 1). SMM has the particularity that it is embedded between two lateral groynes that confine it.
Figure 2. Location of the profiles monitored in the four different beaches: SMM (A), Victoria (B), Camposoto (C), and Barrosa (D). A wind rose diagram (E) is also presented. The orientation of the beaches is approximately NNW in all of them. Figure 2. Location of the profiles monitored in the four different beaches: SMM (A), Victoria (B),
Figure 2. Location of the profiles monitored in the four different beaches: SMM (A), Victoria (B), Camposoto (C), and Barrosa (D). A wind rose diagram (E) is also presented. The orientation of the beaches is approximately NNW in all of them. Figure 2. Location of the profiles monitored in the four different beaches: SMM (A), Victoria (B),
ie, oad - For a proper comprehension, visual data of Hs, peak period (Tp), and wave direction are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. Wave data during the monitoring time between March 2015 and June 2016: Hs (in meters, (top)), Tp (in seconds, (centre)), and wave direction (being 0° and 360° in the north, 90° in the east, 180° in the south, and 270° in the west, (bottom)). The survey dates used in the analysis are marked vertically. Source: own elaboration with data from the Spanish port administration www.puertos.es (15 August 2021). [80° in the south, and 270° in the west, (bottom)). The survey dates used in the analysis are marked
ie, oad - For a proper comprehension, visual data of Hs, peak period (Tp), and wave direction are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. Wave data during the monitoring time between March 2015 and June 2016: Hs (in meters, (top)), Tp (in seconds, (centre)), and wave direction (being 0° and 360° in the north, 90° in the east, 180° in the south, and 270° in the west, (bottom)). The survey dates used in the analysis are marked vertically. Source: own elaboration with data from the Spanish port administration www.puertos.es (15 August 2021). [80° in the south, and 270° in the west, (bottom)). The survey dates used in the analysis are marked
Table 1. Dates of the monitoring campaigns when samples were taken. This analysis was carried out with samples taken from the SMM, Victoria, Camposoto, and Barrosa beaches during the 2015-2016 period. Dredging and beach nourishment works began and were finished in May-June 2015. A sampling of sand before nourishment, at the end of April, was performed to determine the natural configuration of every beach and, therefore, its native sand parameters. Afterward, three additional samplings of sand were performed semi-annually after the nourishment to monitor their evolution. Ds5g was measured in mm, while sorting was calculated in phi units, a logarithmic scale, following the research of Damveld et al. [36]. The dates of these four campaigns are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Dates of the monitoring campaigns when samples were taken. This analysis was carried out with samples taken from the SMM, Victoria, Camposoto, and Barrosa beaches during the 2015-2016 period. Dredging and beach nourishment works began and were finished in May-June 2015. A sampling of sand before nourishment, at the end of April, was performed to determine the natural configuration of every beach and, therefore, its native sand parameters. Afterward, three additional samplings of sand were performed semi-annually after the nourishment to monitor their evolution. Ds5g was measured in mm, while sorting was calculated in phi units, a logarithmic scale, following the research of Damveld et al. [36]. The dates of these four campaigns are shown in Table 1.
Figure 4. Different levels surveyed in each beach profile. Sampling was carried out for four different levels in each transverse profile (Figure 4). The elevations of these levels were: —1 m (submerged), 0 m (the Lowest Low Water Level, LLWL or datum), 2 m (intertidal zone), and 4m (over Highest High Water Level, HHWL or dry beach).
Figure 4. Different levels surveyed in each beach profile. Sampling was carried out for four different levels in each transverse profile (Figure 4). The elevations of these levels were: —1 m (submerged), 0 m (the Lowest Low Water Level, LLWL or datum), 2 m (intertidal zone), and 4m (over Highest High Water Level, HHWL or dry beach).
A Van Veen grab can typically be used to collect submerged samples by throwing it into the sea at a depth of —1 m. Sand accumulates inside it, and the rope is later hoisted to lift the bucket. This procedure can also be done by hand if the conditions are favourable, ie., ata shallow depth (~1 m) and under slow-current conditions. In our case, samples were collected directly by hand, because fines tend to escape from the Van Veen grab.
A Van Veen grab can typically be used to collect submerged samples by throwing it into the sea at a depth of —1 m. Sand accumulates inside it, and the rope is later hoisted to lift the bucket. This procedure can also be done by hand if the conditions are favourable, ie., ata shallow depth (~1 m) and under slow-current conditions. In our case, samples were collected directly by hand, because fines tend to escape from the Van Veen grab.
Table 3. Total variation of Dso (between native sand and nourished sand after one year) at SMM, VB, CB, and BB at the different levels of the profile (Submerged, LLWL, Intertidal, and HHWL).
Table 3. Total variation of Dso (between native sand and nourished sand after one year) at SMM, VB, CB, and BB at the different levels of the profile (Submerged, LLWL, Intertidal, and HHWL).
Figure 6. Results of Ds9 (in mm) obtained at the four beaches (Santa Maria del Mar, Victoria, Camposoto, and Barrosa) during one year of monitoring. between 0.25 and 0.30 mm were maintained in all the analysis, with this being of vital importance for the stability of the beach. This larger size resulted from the larger grain size of the sand used for nourishment relative to the native sand (see the Dsg values reached just after nourishment in Table 2). For instance, we can see how the grain size of the native sand was less than that of the borrowed sand at SMM. The largest Ds) values within the nourished sand were found in the upper area of the beach, given that sand was dumped almost entirely in the upper area of the beach due to the pumping system, to reach a settling of the sand [43] as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 6. Results of Ds9 (in mm) obtained at the four beaches (Santa Maria del Mar, Victoria, Camposoto, and Barrosa) during one year of monitoring. between 0.25 and 0.30 mm were maintained in all the analysis, with this being of vital importance for the stability of the beach. This larger size resulted from the larger grain size of the sand used for nourishment relative to the native sand (see the Dsg values reached just after nourishment in Table 2). For instance, we can see how the grain size of the native sand was less than that of the borrowed sand at SMM. The largest Ds) values within the nourished sand were found in the upper area of the beach, given that sand was dumped almost entirely in the upper area of the beach due to the pumping system, to reach a settling of the sand [43] as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Sand pumping system in a photo (A) and schematised diagram (B). The pipe is brought to the beach and placed within an artificial ridge. This pipe releases a mixture of sand and water (approximately in a 1/5 proportion) that, thanks to the ridge, settles most of the sediment before reaching the shore. Figure 7. Sand pumping system in a photo (A) and schematised diagram (B). The pipe is brought
Figure 7. Sand pumping system in a photo (A) and schematised diagram (B). The pipe is brought to the beach and placed within an artificial ridge. This pipe releases a mixture of sand and water (approximately in a 1/5 proportion) that, thanks to the ridge, settles most of the sediment before reaching the shore. Figure 7. Sand pumping system in a photo (A) and schematised diagram (B). The pipe is brought
In summary, nourishment (anthropic process) ended in May, at the moment wher swell waves (a natural process) started transporting fines from submerged zones to the dry beach, as shown in Figure 8. Figure 8. Sketch showing the upwards movement of the fine fraction of the sand by swell waves during the summer season (top) and downwards due to sea waves during the winter season (bottom).
In summary, nourishment (anthropic process) ended in May, at the moment wher swell waves (a natural process) started transporting fines from submerged zones to the dry beach, as shown in Figure 8. Figure 8. Sketch showing the upwards movement of the fine fraction of the sand by swell waves during the summer season (top) and downwards due to sea waves during the winter season (bottom).
Table 4. Sorting values for every beach and surveying campaign. Table 5. Classification of sorting values, adapted from Roman-Sierra et al. [37].
Table 4. Sorting values for every beach and surveying campaign. Table 5. Classification of sorting values, adapted from Roman-Sierra et al. [37].
Native sorting values ranged from 0.50 to 1.03 for the four beaches, therefore classify- ing these as having moderately well-sorted sands with some scarce locations of moderately sorted material (Table 5). Some of the beaches, such as SMM and VB, seemed to have almost negligible variations in their grain sizes of less than 0.2 9.
Native sorting values ranged from 0.50 to 1.03 for the four beaches, therefore classify- ing these as having moderately well-sorted sands with some scarce locations of moderately sorted material (Table 5). Some of the beaches, such as SMM and VB, seemed to have almost negligible variations in their grain sizes of less than 0.2 9.
Figure 9. Results of sorting (@ units) obtained for the established elevations (submerged, LLWL, intertidal and HHWL) in the four monitored beaches.
Figure 9. Results of sorting (@ units) obtained for the established elevations (submerged, LLWL, intertidal and HHWL) in the four monitored beaches.

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Morphological developments after a beach and shoreface nourishment at Vlugtenburg beach
Marcel Stive

2012

Typically a beach is out of equilibrium after a nourishment is installed. To observe how a nourished beach behaves on the timescale of storms a monitoring campaign was set up at Vlugtenburg beach after a nourishment in the spring of 2009. Here we show a sediment budget analysis of the first 2.5 years for a coastal domain spanning 1750 m alongshore from-9 to+ 5 m NAP. To investigate the redistribution of nourished sand different sections of the profile are examined.

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GRAIN SIZE VARIATIONS OF SURFACE SEDIMENTS INDUCED BY DREDGING ACTIVITIES FOR BEACH NOURISHMENT
Paola la Valle

Beach nourishment using relict sands has become a well established technique for solving the problem of coastal erosion and it is considered one of the main coastal management tools. Relict sand dredging provides a large amount of sandy materials, having a composition very similar to native beaches; however it may produce significant physical and biological effects on marine environments, especially in highly biodiverse environments and sensitive habitats such as the Mediterranean marine-coastal system. Within this framework, ISPRA has carried out different environmental monitoring studies related to relict sand dredging in order to assess the impact of dredging on the marine environment. These studies encompass direct and indirect investigations, such as seafloors morphology and bathymetry, surface sediments grain-size and chemistry, water column chemical-physical characteristics and particulate matter, and studies on the benthic and demersal fish communities. In this paper we pres...

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Evolutive trends of nourished beaches in SW Spain
Javier Benavente

Journal of Coastal Research

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the behaviour of nourished beaches in Cadiz Bay (SW Spain). Similar nourishment modalities were used in all studied beaches: sand was dredged from the sea floor and split on the beach to create a raised, flat berm. These nourishment modalities transformed the initially dissipative profiles into intermediate-reflective ones. The monitoring program showed an asymptotic stationary beach trend, tending to achieve a "minimum equilibrium volume". In fact, despite the initial, important erosion, beaches acquired a seasonal behaviour with dissipative state associated to erosive conditions and an intermediate one during constructive conditions, general beach stability. Finally, it was observed that a nourishment work carried out during fair weather conditions greatly favours beach stability because sand is relocated and distributed in a natural way under low energy conditions. : ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS Coastal erosion, volumetric variations, nourishment works, Bay of Cádiz.

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Morphodynamic responses of nourished beaches in SW Spain
Javier Benavente

Journal of Coastal Conservation

Coastal erosion in SW Spain is affecting man-made structures and beaches that represent an important economic resource in the area. In the last decade the Spanish government carricd out several nourishment works that have limited durahility. i\:!ost of the artificial beach fills consist of a spill of natural dredged sand on the visihle beach. leading to a tlat. anificial herm with an important seaward slope and a narrow foreshore. As a result, the initial dissipative profile was transformed into a fully reflective one. A beach monitoring program was carried out to record morphological evolution after the nourishment \I/orks. Several field assessments of disturbance depth were a!so made to characterize beach morphodynamics of a nourished beach (Rota) and a natural dissi pati ve one (Tres Piedras). whose slope \vas similar to the pre-nourishment gradient of Rota beach. Natural dissipative beaches were characterized by spilling breakers that did not signifi-C:l!1tlyaffect bottom sand. The severe erosion recorded in the nourished zones \I,:as related to the new morphodynamic rcgime acting on these beaches. which was controlled by high erosive plunging breakers associated with high foreshore slopes. In conclusion. other nourishment practices should be used. better adapted to the natural beach morphodynamics of thc zone. taking also into account the original grain size and density of the beach sands, in order to obtain more durable artificial beaches.

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Exchange of Sediment Between Beaches and Bars After a Beach Nourishment
Klaus Schwarzer

Shortlv after the completition of the middle section of~:U.!~lon8._~k<?_:PE9tectJng lowland (!Gel Outer Fjord I Baltic Sea) erosion nrocessesGP"')reased in the nearshore sandy area. That's why several episodes of beach nourishment were carried out along with a sedimentological research program to determine the incorporation of artificially suppl.ied material into the natural sediment cycle and to estimate the response of the nearshore environment due to such a measure. Considering these aspects sedimentological mapping and an experiment with a tracer Ouminophores) were conducted. It could be seen that fine sand which mainly builds up the nearshore bars and which was the main componen~of the f1l1material was completely removed after one year and the former conditions developed again. Additionally it became obvious that during storm conditions sediment transport from the beach towards the offshore occurs in very narrow tracks with different velocities for single grain size spectra.

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