Theological Theological Interpretation of Scripture

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2012

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for polar solvent-hydrocarbon mixtures are relatively plentiful for paraffins and aromatics; they are somewhat less plentiful for olefins. However, almost no data a t all have been published for such mixtures wherein the hydrocarbon possesses a triple bond. This paper reports vapor-pressure measurements of binary mixtures of I-hexyne with acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl carbonate, nitroethane and dimethyl formamide in the temperature range 0 to 70°C. The results are compared with those for polar solvent-hydrocarbon mixtures wherein the hydrocarbon is paraffinic, olefinic, or aromatic.

Thermochimica Acta, 2005

Heat capacities of ionic liquids (IL): 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF 4 ), 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl) imide (EMImN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ), 1-bytyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF 4 ) and N,N-methyl, propyl pyrrolidinium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl) imide (MPPyN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ) were measured from 283.15 to 358.15 K. Room temperature heat capacities have also been estimated by an additive group contribution method, based on the assumption that the heat capacity of a molecular compound equals the sum of individual atomic-group contributions. The C p 293.15 K estimated values are about 12% higher than experimental values. The estimates suggest that heat capacities of ionic liquids do not differ considerably from those typical for molecular liquids (ML). The heats of solution, sol H, of ionic liquids EMImBF 4 , BMImBF 4 EMImN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 and MPPyN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 were measured in water, acetonitrile (AN) and methanol, as a function of ionic liquid concentration c m . The measured sol H values decrease with decreasing c m . Enthalpies of ionic liquid transfer, t H • , from water to methanol and acetonitrile were calculated from measured solution enthalpies. Values of t H • for the transfer from water to methanol are positive and those for the transfer to acetonitrile are negative.

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2011

The densities of the ternary systems {1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([BMIM] þ [MeSO 4 ] -) þ methanol or ethanol or 1-propanol þ nitromethane} were measured at the temperature 298.15 K, and the ternary excess molar volumes, V 123 E , were calculated . The V 123 E values are negative for all mole fractions of the ionic liquid (IL) and increase with increasing mole fraction of IL. The Cibulka equation was used to correlate the ternary excess molar volumes using the Redlich-Kister parameters for the binary systems obtained from the literature. There is a good correlation between the Cibulka equation and the experimental V 123 E data.

A thermodynamic consistency test developed for high pressure binary vapor-liquid mixtures is applied to mixtures containing a supercritical solvent and an ionic liquid. Several authors have reported vapor-liquid equilibrium data on the binary systems supercritical [BF 4 ]} and supercritical CHF 3 + 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate {[bmim][PF 6 ]}, but some of these data differ dramatically. The Peng-Robinson equation of state, coupled with the Wong-Sandler mixing rules, has been used for modeling the vapor-liquid equilibrium of these binary mixtures. Then, the proposed thermodynamic consistency test has been applied. The results show that the consistency test can be applied with confidence, determining consistency or inconsistency of the experimental data.

Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are organic salts, liquids at room temperature in their neat state. Due to their interesting properties such as negligible vapour pressure, suitable viscosity, and high solvent power for both polar and nonpolar organic and inorganic substances, they represent a class of materials whose employment in several applications is considered as a green alternative to toxic chemicals. Despite their interest, a deep knowledge of thermophysical properties of liquid mixtures containing RTILs, which is important for the design of any technological processes, has not yet fully accomplished by the scientific community. 1-3 In this work we report the experimental measurements of H E and V E of different RTILs (1) (ethylammonium formate, EAF; etylammonium propionate, EAP; and etylammonium butyrate, EAB) + water (2) with the aim to evaluate the effect of the kind of the anion and in particular the effect of alkyl chain length on some thermodynamic properties of ...

Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2010

Physical properties such as densities, ρ, speed of sound, u, and refractive indices, n, have been measured for the binary mixtures of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF 6 ] with diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGMME), propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGMME) and propylene glycol monoethyl ether (PGMEE) over the whole composition range at atmospheric pressure. Experimental densities have been used to estimate excess molar volume V m E . Changes in isentropic compressibility, Δκ S , have been estimated by using experimental speed of sound and density values. Experimental refractive indices values have been used to calculate the deviation in refractive indices, Δ φ n, and molar refraction, Δ x R. Excess properties are fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to obtain the binary coefficients and the standard errors. Apparent molar volume and apparent molar compressibility at infinite dilution, V φ,i ∞ and K φ,i 0 have been calculated to gain information about solute-solvent interactions.

Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2000

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2008

The densities of binary and ternary mixtures were measured for the system 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM] + [BETI] -) + methanol or + acetone and [EMIM] + [BETI] -+ methanol + acetone, respectively, at T ) (298.15, 303.15, and 313.15) K, and the speed of sound data for the binary system 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyleneglycol monomethylethersulfate ([EMIM] + [CH 3 -(OCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 OSO 3 ] -) + methanol were measured at T ) 298.15 K. The excess molar volumes were calculated from the experimental densities and were fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation for the binary system. The excess molar volumes, V m E , for the binary system ([EMIM] + [BETI] -+ methanol) were positive for low mole fractions of methanol, and for the binary system ([EMIM] + [BETI] -+ acetone), excess molar volumes were negative throughout the whole composition range. The ternary excess molar volumes were negative for all three temperatures. The isentropic compressibility for the binary system ([EMIM] + [CH 3 -(OCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 OSO 3 ] -+ methanol) was negative over the entire composition range. The results have been interpreted in terms of the intermolecular interactions between the ionic liquid and the organic solvents.

The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2007

Densities and excess volumes of binary mixtures of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with aromatic compound at T = (298.15 to 313.15) K

Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2010

Low temperature ionic liquids (LTILs) are innovative fluids for chemical and materials processing, and the recent explosion on their measurement, molecular interpretations and property prediction, allied to the first industrial processes that start to use them as environmentally friendly solvents and reaction fluids, raises a very important point to all the scientific and industrial community, for those that have been involved in the measurement of thermophysical properties of liquids. A careful analysis, assessing its quality, shows that there are discrepancies between data from different laboratories, and sometimes, from samples of different synthesis batches. Therefore a fundamental question must be raised: Do we know enough about the molecular constitution and properties of these fluids, to measure correctly their properties? And if we think we know, which types of care have we to take a priori? It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the main problems in the measurement of some thermophysical properties of RTILs (density, heat capacity; viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity), calling the attention to the uses and misuses of traditional equipment, with or without handling care.