Abstract
O subtipo específi co de violência denominado de bullying constitui-se em um problema sério e recorrente nas instituições escolares atualmente, trazendo consequências negativas para o processo de desenvolvimento humano em curto, médio e longo prazo. Considerada uma questão de saúde pública, esta e outras formas de agressividade entre pares vêm atraindo signifi cativa atenção por parte da mídia, dos pais, professores, cientistas e também dos responsáveis pela elaboração de políticas públicas. Entretanto, em um mundo "digital", o advento das novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação acaba também impulsionando a emergência de um novo tipo de bullying, que se situa no ciberespaço e se apoia nas ferramentas tecnológicas de interação, denominado cyberbullying. Assim, o presente artigo objetiva analisar e discutir os aspectos que tangenciam a ocorrência dessa forma eletrônica de comportamento agressivo e intencional, com o foco em questões conceituais que o diferenciam do bullying tradicional, impactos, fatores de risco e proteção deste processo. Para tal, serão apresentados e discutidos estudos sobre prevalência, características e consequências do cyberbullying selecionados nas seguintes bases de dados: Pepsic, Science Direct, BVS, PsychInfo, Scielo e PubMed. Tratou-se de uma revisão não--sistemática da literatura internacional e nacional sobre cyberbullying que permitiu uma refl exão acerca desse tipo de violência e possíveis caminhos para uma melhor compreensão de estratégias para o manejo das situações de cyberbullying na atualidade. A importância de pesquisas sobre esta temática no Brasil e América Latina é reforçada no sentido de aprofundar-se a compreensão e gerar subsídios para o desenvolvimento de intervenções focais e preventivas.
References (72)
- Agatston, P. W., Kowalski, R., & Limber, S. (2007). Students' perspectives on Cyber Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), S59-S60. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.003
- Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Hu- man aggression. Annual Review of Psychol- ogy, 53(1), 27-51. doi:10.1146/annurev. psych.53.100901.135231
- Arnett, J. J. (2002). The Psychology of Globaliza- tion. American Psychologist, 57(10), 774-783. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.774
- Ayohama, I., Barnard-Brak, L., & Talbert, T. (2011). Cyberbullying among high school students: Cluster analysis of sex and age differences and the level of parental monitoring. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 1(1), 25-35. doi:10.4018/ijcyberbul- lyingpl.2011010103
- Baker, Ö. E., & Tanrıkulu, İ. (2010). Psychological consequences of Cyber Bullying experiences among Turkish secondary school children. Pro- cedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 2771-2776. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.413
- Berger, C., & Lisboa, C. (2009). Violencia escolar: estúdios y posibilidades de intervención em La- tinoamérica. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Univer- sitária.
- Binsfeld, A. R., & Lisboa, C. (2010). Bullying: Um estudo sobre papéis sociais, ansiedade e depres- são no contexto escolar do Sul do Brasil. Inter- persona, 4(1), 74-105.
- Buelga, S., Cava, M., & Musitu, G. (2010). Cyber- bullying: victimización entre adolescentes a través del teléfono móvil y de Internet. Psico- thema, 22(4), 784-789.
- Buelga, S., & Pons, J. (2012). Agresiones entre ado- lescentes a través del teléfono móvil y de inter- net. Psychosocial Intervention, 21(1), 91-101. doi:10.5093/in2012v21n1a2
- Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber Bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(1), 68-76. doi:10.1375/ajgc.15.1.68
- Couvillon, M. A., & Ilieva, V. (2011). Recommended practices: A Review of Schoolwide Preventative Programs and Strategies on Cyberbullying. Pre- venting School Failure, 55(2), 96-101. doi:10.1 080/1045988X.2011.539461
- Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyber- bullying: Youngsters' experiences and paren- tal perception. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217-223. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
- DeWall, C. N., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). The General Aggression Model: Theo- retical extensions to Violence. Psychology of Violence, 1(3), 245-258. doi:10.1037/a0023842
- Di Lorenzo, M. (2012). New forms of violence among peers: From Bullying to Cyberbullying. Revista Médica Uruguaia, 28(1), 48-53.
- Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the Cycle of Violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
- Dooley, J. J., Pyżalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cy- berbullying versus Face-to-Face Bullying. Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psy- chology, 217(4), 182-188. doi:10.1027/0044- 3409.217.4.182
- Fleming, M. J., Greentree, S., Cocotti-Muller, D., Elias, K. A., & Morrison, S. (2006). Safety in Cyberspace -Adolescents' safety and exposure online. Youth and Society, 38(2), 135-154.
- Garaigordobil, M. (2011). Prevalencia y consecuen- cias del Cyberbullying: una revisión. Interna- tional Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 233-254.
- Hansen, T. B., Steenberg, L. M., Palic, S., & Elklit, A. (2012). A review of psychological factors re- lated to Bullying victimization in schools. Ag- gression and Violent Behavior, 17(4), 383-387. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.03.008
- Heim, J., Brandtzaeg, P. B., Endestad, T., Kaare, B. H., & Torgersen, L. (2007). Children's usage of media technologies and psychosocial factors. New Media & Society, 9(3), 425-454.
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2007). Offl ine conse- quences of online victimization: School violen- ce and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89-112. doi:10.1300/J202v06n03_06
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offen- ding and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 129-156. doi:10.1080/01639620701457816
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2009). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to Cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, Cy- berbullying, and Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221. doi:10.1080/138111 18.2010.494133
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2012). Cyberbullying may exacerbate problems that can lead to sui- cide. In L. Gerdes (Ed.), Cyberbullying (pp. 52- 56). New York: Cengage Learning.
- Hong, J. S., & Espelage, D. L. (2012). A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis. Aggres- sion and Violent Behavior, 17(4), 311-322. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.03.003
- Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the School Grounds? Bullying experiences in cyber- space. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496-505. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
- Kandersteg Declaration Against Bullying in Chil- dren and Youth. (2007). Declaração de Kanders- teg Anti-Vitimização Entre Crianças e Jovens. Recuperado em 29 de julho de 2012 de http:// www.kanderstegdeclaration.com/storage/Portu- giesisch.pdf
- Kiriakidis, S. P., & Kavoura, A. (2010). Cyberbul- lying: A review of the literature on harassment through the internet and other electronic means. Family and Community Health, 33(2), 82-93. doi:10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181d593e4
- Kowalski, R., Limber, S., & Agatston, P. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age. Mal- den, MA: Wiley-Blackwell
- Lam, L. T., & Li, Y. (2013). The validation of the E-Victimisation Scale (E-VS) and the E-Bul- lying Scale (E-BS) for adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 3-7. doi:10.1016/j. chb.2012.06.021
- Langos, C. (2012). Cyberbullying: The challenge to defi ne. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(6), 285-289. doi:10.1089/cy- ber.2011.0588
- Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Hymel, S., Olson, B. F., & Waterhouse, T. (2012). The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between Traditional and Internet Bullying and Victim- ization. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 226-232. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.004
- Lee, S. J., & Chae, Y. G. (2011). Children's internet use in a family context: Infl uence on family rela- tionships and parental mediation. CyberPsychol- ogy & Behavior, 10(5), 640-644. doi:10.1089/ cpb.2007.9975
- Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in Schools: A re- search of gender differences. School Psychology International, 27(2), 157-170. doi:10.1177/0143034306064547
- Lisboa, C., Braga, L., & Ebert, G. (2009). O fenôme- no bullying ou vitimização entre pares na atuali- dade: Defi nições, formas de manifestação e pos- sibilidades de intervenção. Contextos Clínicos, 2(1), 59-71. doi:10.4013/ctc.2009.21.07
- Little, T. D., Henrich, C. C., Jones, S. M., & Hawley, P. H. (2003). Disentangling the 'whys' from the 'whats' of aggressive behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 122- 133.
- Malta, D. C., Silva, M., Mello, F. C., Monteiro, R. A., Sardinha, L. M, Crespo, C., ...Porto, D. N. (2010). Bullying nas escolas brasileiras: Resul- tados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Esco- lar (PeNSE), 2009. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 15(2), 3065-3076.
- Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Calmaestra, J., ...Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying defi ni- tion among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychology, Be- havior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 455-463. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0040
- Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental mediation, online activities, and Cyberbullying. CyberPsychol- ogy & Behavior, 12(4), 387-393. doi:10.1089/ cpb.2009.0068
- Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involve- ment in Cyber Bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63-70. doi:10.1016/j.childy- outh.2011.08.032
- Mishna, F., Mclukie, A., & Saini, M. (2009). Real- world dangers in an online reality: A qualitative study examining online relationships and cyber abuse. Social Work Research, 33, 107-118.
- Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. London: Blackwell.
- Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phe- nomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 1-19. doi:10.1080/17405629. 2012.682358
- Ortega, R., Elipe, P., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Genta, M. L., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Smith, P. K., ...Ti- ppett, N. (2012). The emotional impact of Bul- lying and Cyberbullying on victims: A European Cross-National Study. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 342-356. doi:10.1002/ab.21440
- Palfrey, J., & Gasser, U. (2011). Nascidos na Era Di- gital: Entendendo a primeira geração de Nati- vos Digitais. Porto Alegre, RS: ArtMed.
- Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbully- ing and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614-621.
- Popovic-Citic, B., Djuric, S., & Cvetkovic, V. (2011). The prevalence of Cyberbullying among adoles- cents: A case study of middle schools in Serbia. School Psychology International, 32(4), 412- 424. doi:10.1177/0143034311401700
- Raskauskas, J., & Stoltz, A. D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 564-575. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.564
- Rigby, K. (2004). Addressing Bullying in Schools: Theoretical perspectives and their implications. School Psychology International, 25, 287-300. doi:10.1177/0143034304046902
- Şahin, M. (2012). The relationship between the cy- berbullying/cybervictmization and loneliness among adolescents. Children and Youth Servic- es Review, 34(4), 834-837. doi:10.1016/j.childy- outh.2012.01.010
- Shariff, S. (2011). Ciberbullying: Questões e solu- ções para a escola, a sala de aula e a família. Porto Alegre, RS: ArtMed.
- Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: An- other main type of bullying? Scandinavian Jour- nal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. doi:10.1111/ j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
- Smith, P. K. (2010). Cyberbullying: The European perspective. In J. Mora-Merchan & T. Jaeger (Eds.), Cyberbullying: A cross-national com- parison (pp. 7-19). Landau, Germany: Verlag Emprische Padagogik.
- Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying and Cyber Ag- gression. In S. R. Jimerson, A. B. Nickerson, M. J. Mayer, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of School Violence and School Safety: Internatio- nal Research and Practice (pp. 93-103). New York: Routledge.
- Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385.
- Smith, P. K., Smith, C., Osborn, R., & Samara, M. (2008). A content analysis of school Anti- -Bullying policies: Progress and limitations. Educational Psychology in Practice, 24(1), 1-12.
- Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Ikonen, M., Lindroos, J., Luntamo, T., Koskelainen, M., ...Helenius, H. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associ- ated with Cyberbullying among adolescents: A Population-Based Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 720-728. doi:10.1001/arch- genpsychiatry.2010.79
- Spears, B., Slee, P., Owens, L., & Johnson, B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens. Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 189-196. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.189
- Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitor- ing: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71, 1072-85.
- Sumter, S. R., Baumgartner, S. E., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2012). Developmental trajec- tories of peer victimization: Off-line and online experiences during adolescence. Journal of Ad- olescent Health, 50(6), 607-613. doi:10.1016/j. jadohealth.2011.10.251
- Topçu, Ç., Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Çapa-Aydin, Y. (2008). Examination of Cyberbullying experien- ces among Turkish students from different scho- ol types. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 643-648.
- Uhls, Y. T., Espinoza, G., Greenfi eld, P., Subrah- manyam, K., & Šmahel, D. (2011). Internet and other Interactive Media. In B. Brown & M. Prinstein (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 160-168). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the im- pact on internet use of primary school chil- dren. Computers & Education, 55(2), 454-464. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.009
- Valcke, M., Schellens, T., Van Keer, H., & Gerarts, M. (2007). Primary school children's safe and unsafe use of the Internet at home and at scho- ol: An exploratory study. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 2838-2850.
- Wang, J., Nansel, T. R., & Iannotti, R. J. (2011). Cy- ber and traditional Bullying: Differential asso- ciation with depression. The Journal of Adoles- cent Health, 48(4), 415-417.
- Wendt, G. W., Campos, D. M., & Lisboa, C. (2010). Agressão entre pares e vitimização no contexto escolar: Bullying, Cyberbullying e os desafi os para a educação contemporânea. Cadernos de Psicopedagogia, 8, 41-52.
- Wendt, G. W., & Lisboa, C. S. de M. (2013). Agres- são entre pares no espaço virtual: defi nições, impactos e desafi os do cyberbullying. Psicolo- gia Clínica, 25(1), 73-87. doi:10.1590/S0103- 56652013000100005
- Williams, K., & Guerra, N. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of Internet Bullying. Journal of Ado- lescent Health, 41(6), S14-S21.
- Ybarra, M. L. (2004). Linkages between Depres- sive Symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular internet users. CyberPsy- chology and Behavior, 7, 247-257.
- Ybarra, M. L., Boyd, D., Korchmaros, J. D., & Op- penheim, J. (2012). Defi ning and Measuring Cyberbullying within the Larger Context of Bullying Victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(1), 53-58. doi:10.1016/j.jadoheal- th.2011.12.031 Recebido: 21/12/2012 1ª revisão: 03/03/2013
- Aceite fi nal: 04/03/2013