Adaptive Brain Interfaces

Acta Neurochirurgica Supplements, 2007

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that records brain activity and process it through a computer, allowing the individual whose activity is recorded to monitor this activity at the same time. Applications of BCIs include assistive modules for severely paralyzed patients to help them control external devices or to communicate, as well as brain biofeedback to self regulate brain activity for treating epilepsy, attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions, or to enhance cognitive performance in healthy individuals. The vast majority of BCIs utilizes non-invasive scalp recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) signals, but other techniques like invasive intracortical EEG, or near-infrared spectroscopy measuring brain blood oxygenation are tried experimentally.

Brain-Computer Interface Systems - Recent Progress and Future Prospects, 2013

A brain-computer interface (BCI), often called a mind-machine interface (MMI), or sometimes called a direct neural interface (DNI), synthetic telepathy interface (STI) or a brain-machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. BCIs are often directed at assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

Brain Machine Interface is also known as 'A brain-computer inteface'.A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain and an external device. In one-way BCIs, computers either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it (for example, to restore vision) but not both. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device, from simple circuits to silicon chips. Research on BCIs began in the 1970s, but it wasn't until the mid-1990s that the first working experimental implants in humans appeared. Following years of animal experimentation, early working implants in humans now exist, designed to restore damaged hearing, sight and movement. With recent advances in technology and knowledge, pioneering researchers could now conceivably attempt to produce BCIs that augment human functions rather than simply restoring them, previously only a possibility in science fiction.

Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, 2013

Humans have traditionally interacted with computers or machines by using their hands to manipulate computer components. his kind of human-computer interaction (HCI), however, considerably limits the human's freedom to communicate with machines. Over the years, many attempts have been made to develop technologies that include other modalities used for communication, for example, speech or g e s t u r e s ,t om a k eH C Im o r ei n t u i t i v e .R e c e n ta d v a n c e si n cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging technologies in particular have allowed for the establishment of direct communication between the human brain and machines. his ability is made possible through invasive and noninvasive sensors that can monitor physiological processes relected in brain waves, which are translated online into control signals for external devices or machines. Such brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a direct communication method to convey brain messages to an external device independent from the brain's motor output. hey are oten directed at assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. In BCIs, users explicitly manipulate their brain activity instead of using motor movements in order to produce brain waves that can be used to control computers or machines. he development of eicient BCIs and their implementation in hybrid systems that combine well-established methods in HCI and brain control will not only transform the way we perform everyday tasks, but also improve the quality of life for individuals with physical disabilities. his is particularly important for those who sufer from devastating neuromuscular injuries and neurodegenerative diseases which may lead to paralysis and the inability to communicate through speech or gesture. In a BCI system, brain activity is usually recorded using a noninvasive neuroimaging technology, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), or nearinfrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In some cases, invasive technologies are used, such as electrocorticography (ECoG). In the majority of BCI systems, scalp EEG data are recorded, with the type of BCI system categorized based on the measure of brain activity used for BCI control. Each system has its own shortcomings and disadvantages. For instance, the information transfer rates of currently available noninvasive BCI systems are still very limited and do not allow for versatile control and interaction with assistive machines.

With the technological development in the world especially in computers, a computer simulation was observed with almost all things around as in a lot of fields such as engineering, medical, chemical,...etc., so can a computer understand the human's emotions? Emotions are intrinsically connected to the way that people interact with each other. Emotion constitutes a major influence in determining human behaviors. A human being can read the emotional state of another human, and behave in the best way to improve their communication at that moment. This is because emotions can be recognized through words, voice intonation, facial expression, and body language. Can a computer understand the human's brain? Making the computer more empathic to the human is one of the aspects of affective computing. The computer can actually take a look inside the human's head to observe their mental state. In this study, we will understand how can a computer understand human brain by understanding the electric signals that come from it.

2010

Clinical Neurophysiology, 2002

A Brain-computer interface (BCI) as idea started in 1970 at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and tried to unite the world of neuroscience with the computers. All the basic idea was to understand and decode the language of the brain which was expressed with very weak signals derived from the brain (μVolts) and then translate them into human language. The next step of BCI was to make some things which seemed unreal for the past years.

Brain Computer Interface is a leading technology in today’s world. In simple words, it creates an interface between the brain and the machine, allowing the machine to get input from human brain. This technology has been up in the airs since decades and a lot of work has already been done, but a lot is also remaining. The main use of this technology is in the field of medical science. Works are being done in the field of military and skill improvement domains as well. This technology is growing day by day and is proving to be one of the most important technologies in the current scenario. This project shows how Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) works and how it can be used in certain applications. EEG (Electroencephalography) was used to read brain waves and then those waves were analysed to fetch fruitful results which are used in certain applications. The applications which have been demonstrated in this project are Brain Controlled Game Simulator, Brain Controlled Keyboard (for handicapped).