BUSINESS MODELS IN MODERN COMPETITIVE SCENARIOS
2018, IGI Global
https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSDS.2018070102Abstract
The purpose of this article isto contribute to a better understanding of the role of information in the process ofstrategy formulation, based on the aggregation of existing literature. This article is descriptiveresearch,withthegoalofidentifyingandcharacterizingtheroleofinformationinstrategic decision making. The structure of the article synthesizes the existing academic work, seeking to generate new knowledge.The strategy of any organization can be defined from the outside to the inside, according to the schools ofthe positioning, orfrom the inside out, according to the schools ofthe movement, in which the organization influencesthe surroundings with its offer of products and orinnovative services,since it has competencies and capabilitiesthat competitors do not have andthat are difficultto imitate ortobuy.Hence the importance thatweak and strong signalsplay as information of anticipation inthedefinition ofthe strategy andso,thegoal isto treatthe issue ofthe role of information in the process of formulation ofthe strategy in the context ofstrategic decision making. Based on research and practical experiences carried out by the investigator in strategic consultinginsmall,mediumandlargecompaniesforabout20years,theauthorwillproposeamodel of the role of information in the process of formulating the strategy and its operationalization. Keywords Imperfections of Information, Information Science, Signs Information, Strategy
FAQs
AI
How does information act as a strategic resource for organizations?
The research indicates that companies managing information strategically can achieve competitive advantages, significantly enhancing decision-making processes and responsiveness to market changes, as observed in firms like Amazon and Google around 2015.
What are the different types of information crucial for strategic decision-making?
The study categorizes information into three types: operational, influencing, and anticipative, each serving distinct roles in daily operations, behavioral influence, and long-term trend forecasting, respectively.
How do weak and strong signals influence organizational strategy?
Weak signals serve as early indicators of potential disruptions or opportunities, while strong signals provide more concrete evidence, both essential for adaptive strategic planning, highlighting transitions in business models.
What challenges do managers face in understanding and utilizing information?
Managers often struggle with information overload, leading to difficulties in selecting relevant data; the complexity of information processing demands enhanced analytical capabilities and filtering systems, as noted in studies from 2020.
How does organizational culture affect strategic decision-making?
The research reveals that an organization's culture significantly shapes decision-making processes and influences strategic outcomes, often reinforcing existing strategies and creating resistance to necessary changes.
References (88)
- Andrews, K. R., (1971, 1980, 1987), The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Irwin, Homewood, Illinois Andrews, K. R., (1982, p.174-184), Corporate Strategy as a Vital Function of the Board, Harvard Business Review (59,6) Novembro-Dezembro.
- Andrews, Learned, Christensen, e Guth, (1965), Business Policy, Irwin, New York Ansoff, H. Igor, (1965), Corporate Strategy, McGraw-Hill, New York Ansoff, H. Igor, (1984), Implanting Strategic Management, Prentice-Hall International António, Nelson Santos, (2003), Estratégia Organizacional: do Posicionamento ao Movimento, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa Barney, J. B., (1986), Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck and Business Strategy, Management Science 32 (10), pp. 1231-1241
- Bateson, G., (1972), Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Nova Iorque, Balentine Books Beal, A., (2004, p.137), Gestão estratégica da informação :como transformar a informação e a tecnologia da informação em fatores de crescimento e auto desempenho nas organizações. 4. ed. São Paulo: Atlas.
- Beal, A., (2007), Gestão estratégica da informação. São Paulo: Atlas.
- Belkin, N. J. (1978), Information concepts for information science. Journal of Documentation, vol. 34, nº
- Besson, Bernard et Jean-Claude Possin, (1996), Du Renseignement à l'intelligence économique, Dunod Blanco, S., (1998), Gestion de l'information et intelligence stratégique: cas de la selection des signes d'alerte précoce, Thèse de doctorat en Sciences de Gestion, Univ. de Grenoble 2, 308 p. Bolman, L. G., and T. Deal, (1997), Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership, 2ª edição, Jossey-Bass Publishers, São Francisco Borko, H., (1968), Information science: what is it? American documentation, Washington, v. 19, n. 1, p. 3-
- Boston Consulting Group, (1974), Perspectives sur la Stratégie d'entreprise, Hommes et Techniques, Paris Boston Consulting Group, (1980), Les Mécanismes fondamentaux de la compétitivité, Hommes et Techniques, Paris Braybrooke, D., and Lindblom, C. E., (1963), A Strategy of Decision, Free Press, New York Bryant, A. (2007), Information and the CIO, in: Huizing, A. and Vries, E.J. de (2007), Information Management: Setting the Scene, Oxford: Elsevier, forthcoming.
- Bryman, Alan, (2001), Only communicate communication IS a social construct. Working Paper 2001-8, School of Information Management, Leeds Metropolitan University.
- Bryman, Alan, (2000), Research Methods and Organization Studies, Unwin Hyman Buckland, M. (1991), Information as thing, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol.42, nº 5
- Choo, C. W., (2003), A organização do conhecimento: como as organizações usam a informação para criar significado, construir conhecimento e tomar decisões. São Paulo: Senac.
- Choo, C.W. (2007), Social Use of Information in Organizational Groups, in: Huizing, A. and Vries, E.J. de (2007), Information Management: Setting the Scene, Oxford: Elsevier, forthcoming.
- Christensen, C. R., (1997), The Innovator's Dilema: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, Boston
- Christensen, C. R., Andrews, K. R., Bower, J. L., Hamermesh G., and Porter, M., E., (1982), Business Policy: Text and Cases, 5 th edition, Homewood, IL: Irwin.
- Crozier, M., e Friedberg, (1977), L'acteur et le système, Le Seuil, Paris
- Davenport, T. H., (1992), Can We Manage Information Behavior?, Ernst & Yong, Research Note
- Davenport, T. H., (1993), Process Innovation,, Harvard University Press, Boston
- Davenport, T. H.; Prusak, L., (2001), Ecologia da informação. 4. ed. São Paulo: Futura.
- Davenport, T. H.; Prusak, L., (1998), Ecologia da Informação: por que só a tecnologia não basta para o sucesso na era da informação. 4 ed. São Paulo: Futura.
- Davenport, T.H. and L. Prusak (1998), Working Knowledge, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
- Davis, Gordon B and Scott Hamilton, (1993), Concepts of Strategic Management, 4ª edição
- Devlin, K. (1999), Info Sense: turning information into knowledge. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York Devlin, K. (1991), Logic and Information. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- Douma, S. W., H. Schreuder, (1992), Economic approaches to organizations, Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd., Hertfordshire
- Duarte, E. N.; Santos, M. L. C., (2015), O conhecimento na administração estratégica. Perspectivas em gestão & conhecimento, João Pessoa, v. 1, n. 1, p. 15-24, 2011. Disponível em: <http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs/index.php/pg c/article/view/9798/5615>. Acesso em: 3 set. 2015.
- Duarte, E. N.; Silva, A. K. A.; Costa, S. Q., (2015), Gestão da Informação e do Conhecimento: práticas de empresa "excelente em gestão empresarial" extensivas a unidades de informação. Informação & sociedade: estudos, João Pessoa, v. 17, n. 1, p. 97-107, 2007. Disponível em: <http://www.ies.ufpb.br/ojs/index.php/ies/a rticle/view/503/1469>. Acesso em: 3 set. 2015.
- Elfring, T., and Volberda, H. W., (1994, 1998), New Directions in Strategy: Beyond Fragmentation, Sage, London Freitas, H. e Janissek-Muniz, R., (2006), Uma proposta de plataforma para Inteligência Estratégica. Congresso Ibero Americano de Gestão do Conhecimento e Inteligência Competitiva. 29-31 Agosto 2006.
- Curitiba PR. Grant, R., (1991a), The Resource-based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation, California Management Review (33, 3, pp. 114-135)
- Grant, R., (1991b), Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Applications, Blackwell Business Grant, R., (1991c), Porter's Competitive Advantage of Nations: An Assessment, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, Outubro de 19912, pp. 535-548
- Grant, R., (1991d), Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Applications, Blackwell Business Hayes, R. H., (1985), Strategic Planning -Forward in Reverse?, Harvard Business Review, Novembro- Dezembro HEC -Hautes Études Commerciales, de Jouy-en-Josas, (1994), Estratégia, Estrutura, Decisão, Identidade -Strategor -Política Global da Empresa, Publicações Dom Quixote, Lisboa.
- Ingwersen, Peter, (1992, p. 99-135),. Information and information science in context. Libri, v.42(2).
- Ingwersen, Peter, (1992, p. 99-135),. Information and information science in context. Libri, v.42(2).
- Itami, H., (1987), Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Janissek-Muniz, R, Freitas, H., & Lesca, H. (2007) A Inteligência Estratégica Antecipativa e Coletiva como apoio ao desenvolvimento da capacidade de adaptação das organizações. Paper presented at Contecsi, 4°, São Paulo, Brasil.
- Japiassu, Hilton. (1977, p. 202) Introdução ao pensamento epistemológico. 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro, Francisco Alves. Japiassu, Hilton. Interdisciplinaridade e patologia do saber. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1975. 221p. (Série Logoteca)
- Strauss, J. D.; Radnor, M. Roadmapping for Dynamic and Uncertain Environments. Research Technology Management, v. 47, n. 2, p. 51, 2004.
- Kärkkäinen H., Piippo P., Puumalainen K., Tuominen M., (2001), Assessment of hidden and future customer needs in Finnish business-to-business companies, R&D Management, 31(4), p.391-406.
- Klein, H. K., Hirschleim, R. A. (1987), Social change and the future of information systems development, In: Boland, R. J., Hirschleim R. A. (eds), Critical issues in information systems research, John Wiley & Sons Klein, H. K., M. D. Meyers, (1999), A Set of Principles for Conduting and Evaluation Interpretive Field Studies in Information Systems, Management Information Systems Quarterly, 23 (1), pp. 67-94
- Lardera, Simona e Bernard Quinio, (1996), Information et Décision Stratégique, Laudon, Kenneth c.; Laudon, Jane p., (2004), Sistemas De Informação Gerenciais. São Paulo: Pearson.
- Lesca, H.; Almeida, F. C., (2015), Administração estratégica da informação. Revista de Administração, São Paulo, v. 29, n. 3, p. 66-75, jul./set. 1994. Disponível em: <file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/2903066%20( 2).pdf>. Acesso em: 3 set. 2015.
- Lesca, H., (2003), Veille stratégique: la méthode L:E:SCAnning®, Editions EMS, Colombelles, França.
- Lesca, H., & Blanco, S. (2002), Contribution à la capacite d'anticipation des entreprises par la sensibilisation aux signaux faibles. Paper presented at congrès international francophone sur la pme, 6°, Montreal. Lesca, H., (2001), Veille stratégique :
- Colloque VSST 2001, Barcelone oct., Actes du colloque VSST, tome 1, pp. 98-105.
- Lesca, H. (1995) The crucial problem of the strategic probe: the construction of the "puzzle, CERAG, ESA, série Recherche, 95-02, 24.
- Lesca, H., Almeida, F. C., (1994, p. 66-75), Administração Estratégica da Informação. Revista de Administração, v. 29, n. 3.
- Lesca, H., (1986), Systèmes d'Information pour le Management Stratégique de l'Enterprise. Paris: McGraw-Hill.
- Leszczynska, D. et Lesca, H., (2004), Veille Stratégique : utilité des « informations de terrain » pour la PME-PMI
- Maes, R.. (2007), An Integrative Perspective on Information Management, in: Huizing, A. and Vries, E.J. de (2007), Information Management: Setting the Scene, Oxford: Elsevier, forthcoming. .
- Maes, R. (1999), Reconsidering Information Management through a generic framework, PrimaVera Working Paper 1999-15, University van Amsterdam Mahoney, J. and J. R. Pandian, (1992, p. 363-380), The Resource-Based View Within The Conservation of Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 363-380
- March e Simon, (1993), Organizations, 2ª edição, Blackwell, Cambridge March e Simon, (1958), Organizations, Nova Iorque, John Wiley Martinet, A. Ch., (1984), Management stratégique : organisation et politique, McGraw-Hill Martinet, A. Ch., (1983), Stratégie, Librairie Vuibert
- McGee, J.; Prusak, L., (1994), Gerenciamento estratégico da informação: aumente a competitividade e a eficiência de sua empresa utilizando a informação como uma ferramenta estratégica. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier.
- McGee, James and Laurence Prusak, (1993), Managing Information Strategically, John Wiley & Sons Mendonça, M. A., (2015), Periódicos científicos eletrônicos nacionais de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação: estudos produzidos entre 2003 e 2013. 2015. 133 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência da Informação) -Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa. Miller, F. J. (2002), I = 0 Information has no intrinsic meaning, Information Research, vol 8 nº1. Disponível em http://Informationr.net/ir/8-1/paper140.html, (site visitado em Abril de 2003)
- Miller, F. J. (1977, p. 253-279), Strategy, Making in Context: Ten Empirical Archetypes, ournal of Management Studies Mintzberg, Henry and James Brian Quinn and Sumatra Ghoshal, (1999), The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts e Cases, 2ª ed., Prentice Hall Europe Mintzberg, Henry and Ahlstre B. and J. Lampel, (1998), Strategic Safary: A Guide Tour Througth the Wilds of Strategic Management, Prentice-Hall, London
- Mintzberg, Henry, (1991), Strategic Thinking as Seeing, In J. Nasi, ed., Arenas of Strategic Thinking, Foundation for Economic Education, Helsinki, Finland Mintzberg & James Quinn, (1991), The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts & Cases, Prentice Hall Mintzberg, Henry, (1990), Strategy Formation: Schools of Thought, in Perspectives on Strategic Management, (ed.) J. Frederickson, Boston Ballinger Mintzberg, Henry, (1989), Mintzberg on Management: Inside Our Strange World of Organizations , Free Press, New York Mintzberg, Henry, and J. A. Waters, (1985b), Strategies Formation in Adhocracy, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 30, pp. 160-197
- Mintzberg, Henry, and J. A. Waters, (1984), Researching the Formation of Strategies: The History of Canadian Lady 1939-1976, in Competitive Strategy Management (ed.), R. B. Lamb, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Mintzberg, Henry, (1979), The Structuring of Organizations: A Synthesis of the Research, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs Mintzberg, Henry, (1978), Patterns in Strategy Formation , Management Science (24, 9, pp. 934-948)
- Mintzberg, Henry, (1978), Strategy-making in Three Modes, California Management Review, 16, pp. 44-Mintzberg, Henry, (1977), Planifier à gauche et gérer à droite , Harvard-l'Expansion nº 3/1976
- Mintzberg, Henry, (1972), Research on Strategy-Making, Proceedings of the 32 nd Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Minneapolis Mintzberg, H., (1946), The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, Free Press, Nova Iorque Murteira, Mário, (2001), A Transição para a Economia do Conhecimento em Portugal, Economia Global e Gestão, AEDGISCTE, Nº 1
- Murteira, Mário, Nicolau, I, Mendes, V. E Martins, A. (2001), Serviços Informacionais e transição para a economia do conhecimento em Portugal, IDEG/ISCTE, estudo realizado para o GEPE do Ministério da Economia. Myers, I. B., (1962), Introduction to Type: A Description of the Theory and Applications of the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto Nelson, J. A., (1973), Dialectical Information Systems : A Methodology for Planning and Decision-Making, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, Pa., Junho Nonaka e Takeuchi, (1995, 1997), The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press Normann, R., (1977), Management for Growth, Wiley, Nova Iorque O'Brien, James A. (2004). Sistemas de Informação e as decisões gerenciais na era da Internet. Título Original: Introduction to information systems, 11ª edição. Tradução Célio Knipel Moreira e Cid Knipel Moreira. 2. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva.
- O'Brien, J. A. & Morgan J. N., (1991), A Multi-Dimensional Model of Information Resource Management , Information Resource Management Journal Vol 2 Nº 2 pag 2-12
- Parker, M. M, Trainor H. E. & Benson R. J., (1989), Information Strategy and Economics , Prentice Hall Penrose, E., (1959), The Theory Of The Growth Of The Firm, Basil Blackwell, London Peters, T. H., and Waterman, R. H., Jr. (1982), In Search of Excellence , Harper & Row, New York Pettigrew, A. M., (1985), The Awakening Giant: Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries, Basil Blackwell, Oxford Pettigrew, A. M., (1972), Information Control as a Power Resource, Sociology, pp. 188-204
- Porter, M. E., (1989, p. 512), Vantagem competitiva :criando e sustentando um desempenho superior. 15 ed. Rio de Janeiro : Campus.
- Porter, M. E., (1986), Estratégia competitiva: técnicas para análise de indústrias e da concorrência. São Paulo: Campus. Porter, Michael and V. Millar (1985, p. 149-160), How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage, Harvard Business Review, Julho-Agosto.
- Porter, Michael, (1981), The Contributions of Industrial Organizations to Strategic Management, Academy of Management Review, 6(4), pp. 609-620
- Porter, Michael, (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors , Free Press, Nova Iorque Prahalad, C. K. and Gary Hamel, (1994), Competing for the Future, Breakthrough Strategies for Seizing Control of Yor Industry and Creating the Markets of Tomorrow , Harvard Business School, tradução francesa La Conquête du Future , Dunod 1999
- Prahalad, C. K. and Gary Hamel, (1990), The Core Competence of the Corporation, Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, nº 3, Maio-Junho de 1990, pp. 79-91
- Prahalad, C. k., and Betis, R. A., (1986), The Dominant Logic: A New Linkage Between Diver sity and Performance , Strategic Management Journal (7, pp. 485-501)
- Prahalad, C.F. and Christopher Barlett and Gary Hamel and George Stalk Jr. and Henry Mintzberg and Kenichi Ohmae and Sumantra Ghoshal and Theodore Levit, (1979-1999), Estratégia -A Busca da Vantagem Competitiva , 6ª edição, Harvard Business Review Book Prusak, James Mcgee e Laurence, (1995), Gerenciamento Estratégico da Informação , Editora Campus, Rio de Janeiro. Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J., and Hinings, C. R., (1969, p. 115-126), An Empirical Taxonomy of Structures of Work Organizations , Administrative Science Quarterly.
- Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J., and Hinings, C. R., MacDonald, K. M., Turner, C., and Lupton, T., (1963-64, p. 289-315), An Empirical Taxonomy of Structures of Work Organizations , Administrative Science Quarterly. Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J., and Hinings, C. R., Turner, C., (1968), Dimensitions of Organizational Structure , Administrative Science Quarterly, (13, June, pp. 65-105)
- Quinn, Mintzberg & James, (1991), The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts & Cases , Prentice Hall Quinn, J. B., (1982), Managing Strategic Incrementally, Omega, The International Journal of Management Science, (10, 6), pp. 613-627
- Quinn, J. B., (1980a), Strategic Change : Logical Incrementalism , Irwin, Homewood Illionis Quinn, J. B., (1980b), Managing Strategic Change , Sloan Management Review (Summer, pp. 3-20)
- Quinn, J. B., (1978), Strategic Change: Logical Incrementalism, Sloan Management Review, pp. 7-21
- Rascão, José Poças, (2001), Análise Estratégica -Sistema de Informação para a Tomada de Decisão , 2ª edição, Edições Sílabo Rezende, D. A., (2003), Planejamento de sistemas de informação e informática. São Paulo: Atlas Rezende, D. A.; Abreu A. F., (2001, p. 311), Tecnologia da informação aplicada a sistemas de informação empresariais: o papel estratégico da informação e dos sistemas de informação nas empresas. São Paulo: Atlas.
- Rossel, P. (2012) Early detection, warnings, weak signals and seeds of change: a turbulent domain of futures studies, Futures, 44(3), 229-239.
- Sabaté, F. Tarragó, (1989), Fundamentos de Economia de la Empresa, 2ª edição, Librería Hispano Americana, Barcelona Schement J. R., (1993), Communication and information , In: Schement J. R., Ruben B. D. (eds) Between communication and information. Transaction Publishers Schoemakers A.; Hoorn T. v. d.(2004). LUTI modelling in the Netherlands: Experiences with TIGRIS and a framework for a new LUTI model. Disponível em http://ejtir.tudelft.nl/issues/2004_03/pdf/2004_03_04.pdf. Acesso em 15/03/2007
- Schumpeter, Joseph, (1959), History of Economic Analysis, Oxford University Press, 3ª edição Schumpeter, Joseph, (1950), Capitalisme, Socialisme et Démocratie, 3ª edição, Harper & Row, Nova Iorque Schumpeter, Joseph, (1947), The Creative Response in Economic History, Journal of Economic History, Novembro, pp. 149-159
- Schumpeter, Joseph, (1942), Capitalisme, Socialisme et Démocratie, Reedição, Payot, 1988
- Schumpeter, Joseph, (1934), The Theory of Economic Performance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press Shannaon C. E., Weaver W., (1972), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illionois Press, Urbana Shannaon C. E., Weaver W., (1949), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illionois Press, Chicago Shannaon C. E., Weaver W., (1948), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, 27, pp. 379-423, pp. 623-656
- Simmons, J., C., and J. G. Lynch, (1991), Inference Effects without Inference Making? Effects of Missing Information on Discounting and Use of Presented Information, Journal of Consumer research, 17 (Março), pp. 74-158
- Simon, H. A., (1947, 1957), Administrative Behaviour , Macmillan, New York Simon, H. A., (1955), A Behavioural Model of Rational Choice, Quarterly Journal of Economics 69, pp. 99-118
- Sveiby, K. E., (1998). A nova riqueza das organizações. Rio de Janeiro: Campus.
- Tarapanoff, K., (2001), Inteligência Organizacional e Competitiva. Brasília: UnB.
- Teece, Pisano e Shuen, (1997, p. 509-533), Dynamics Capabilities and Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, nº 17.
- Teece, Pisano e Shuen, (1990), Firm Capabilities, Resources and the Concept of Strategy, Cahier de Recerche, Universidade de Berkeley, 90 (9), Thietart, R. A., (1990), La Strategie d'Entreprise,, 2ª Édition Thietart R. A., (1984), La Stratégie , McGraw-Hill Truijens, Onno, (2002), Twoards a Resource-based Theory of Information Strategy, Britsh Academy of Management Annual Conference 2002, September 9-11, Hammersmith, Truijens, Omo, (2001), Information Strategy at TravelCom: searching for InfoRent in the Dutch travel industry, PrimaVera Working Paper 2001-12, University van Amsterdam Truijens, Onno, (2001), Aspects of Information Strategy Formulation for Customer Orientation, Proceedings Resource Management Association International Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vigand, R., A. Picot, et al., (1997), Information, Organization and Management -expanding markets and corporate boundaries, John Wiley and Sons Vreeken, A., (2002), Notions of Information: a review of literature, PrimaVera Working Paper 2002-13, University van Amsterdam Wallerstein, I. (2000), Globalization or the Age of Transiction? -A Long Term view of the Trajectory of the World System, Economia Global e Gestão, Vol. V, 1-2/00
- Weick, K. E., (1990), Cartographic Myths in Organizations, In A. S. Huff, editions, Mapping Strategic Thought, New York Weick, K. E., (2000), Making Sense of the Organizations, Blackwell Publishers, Boston
- Weick, K. E., (1995), Sensemaking in Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Weick, K. E., Richard L., Daft, (1983), The Effectiviness of Interpretation Systems. In: Organizational Effectiviness: A Comparison of Multiple Models, Edited by K. S. Cameron and D. A. Whetten, Academic Press, Nova Iorque Weick, K. E., (1979), The Social Psychology of Organizing, 2ª Edição, Random House, Nova Iorque Weick, Karl E., (1995, p. 385-390), What theory is not, theorizing is. Administrative Science Quartely, v.
- Wernerfelt, B., (1984), A Resource-Based View of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5(2), pp. 795-815
- Wernerfelt, B., (1989), From Critical Resources to Corporate Strategy, Journal of General Management Journal, Vol. 14, nº 3, Primavera de 1989/5
- Wersig, Gernot, (1991, p. 229-239),. Information science: the study of postmodern knowledge usage. Information processing & management, 29(2).
- Wiener, N., (1948), Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT, Press
- Wigand, R., A. Picot, R. Reichwald, (1997), Information, Organization and Management -expanding markets and corporate boundaries, John Wiley and Sons Williamson, O. E., (1975), Markets and Hierarquies: Analysis and antitrust implications, The Free Press, New York Williamson, O. E., (1999), Strategy Research: Governance and Competence Perspectives, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 1087-1108