The Evolution of Global Paper Industry 1800¬–2050

Anales Galdosianos, 2018

2000

At its Bali meeting in 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) emphasized that there were several adaptation options for climate change. Given the availability of energy resources worldwide, the use of renewables should be fostered by national energy policies, regulations, and fiscal and financial incentives. In addition, the IPCC encourages the use of local energy resources such as

M@n@gement

Research on corporate decline and turnarounds as well as the strategic use of history have so far remained two separate research fields. We integrate these two fields with a thought experiment, proposing ways in which strategists can work with, and through time in managing and turning around declines. Our thought experiment involves two very different types of analogies: a textual one from Philip K. Dick’s science fiction novels, on the one hand, and a visual one from Einsteinian relativity science, on the other hand. Inspired and informed by these different conceptualizations of the past and time, we develop four forms of backward strategizing to successfully manage a struggling corporation on the brink of environmental collapse. The strategic options, presuming that managers are historically conscious agents embedded in time, direct corporations to go back in history, in actual terms, or in a fictional or mythological one – and thus to initiate a past-related rebirth. By offering ...

This research report presents and analyses literature on the paper trade in Early Modern Europe and draws attention to significant research gaps as well. Since the end of the 19th century scholars deal with the Early Modern paper trade, however, existing research is characterised by a variety of different topics and a plurality of perspectives. Accordingly, the report aims to give an overview of subject areas and methodical aspects.

The present study examines how business actors participated in and influenced government decision-making regarding their own economic and political interests in early- nineteenth-century Finland. The research period is characterised by a major political change; Finland, previously the eastern part of Sweden, was incorporated in 1809 into the Russian Empire as an autonomous Grand Duchy after a war that arose out of European power politics. The beginning of the era of Russian rule signified several changes. For instance, the Diet of the Estates, which had been a traditional channel of political influence for business life under Swedish rule, did not convene between 1809 and 1863. The study maintains that in the prevailing situation the system of submitting petitions and appeals took on more importance for Finnish business life. Petitions and appeals are seen as expressions of political activity through which the subjects – including business actors – could seek a variety of government favours. The petitions and appeals were formally addressed to the Russian Tsar, but in practice the majority were dealt by the highest national governmental body, the Imperial Senate of Finland. In order to illuminate how widely and for what purposes business actors used this channel of influence, the petitions and appeals received by the Senate’s Economic Department, which dealt with the routine of administration, are studied in nine reference years between 1810 and 1850. In addition, two committees that were appointed to consider economic questions provide further evidence for the findings of this study. An analysis of the use of petitioning and the committee system provides a better understanding of the ways by which business actors aimed to promote their interests in a regulated environment. The study, which draw on a sample of 871 petitions and appeals and case studies of two committees, demonstrates that the representatives of the Finnish business life aimed to influence both major and minor matters through the above mentioned ways of contacting the top decision-makers: the scale could vary from privileges to produce soap in a small manufacture to issues involving large-scale business ventures and major legislative measures that would eventually change the development of whole segments of the economy. The study provides new insights into the development of business-government relations in the early part of the century and the transition from merchant to industrial capitalism, the gradual process of the diversification and internationalization of Finnish business life, female entrepreneurship and the birth of new industries.

This article examines the Finnish industrial and trade fairs held in the Soviet Union in the context of Finnish–Soviet trade and scientific–technical cooperation in the 1950s and 1960s. While primarily focused on fairs, it also discusses different activities that accompanied them, such as lectures, visits, and negotiations between Finnish traders and Soviet officials and specialists. This study illustrates how such first-hand contact played an important role in Finnish–Soviet communications. First, they helped Finnish producers showcase their goods and technologies directly to Soviet buyers in various ministries and organizations. Second, these contacts included diverse activities such as face-to-face contacts, lectures, and seminars, being a means of technology transfer from Finland to the USSR . Finally, although they were commercial interactions without explicit ideological purposes – like many international exhibitions of the last century – Finnish fairs demonstrated a technological gap between Finland and the USSR.

The metallurgical industry at Kola peninsula, north-west Russia is the most important source of air pollution next to Norilsk, Siberia in the Arctic. The non-ferrous metal smelters in the area emit huge quantities of sulphur dioxide, metals and inhalable particles to the atmosphere. These pollutants have a serious impact to the atmosphere and biosphere at Kola peninsula and Finnish Lapland. In the immediate vicinity of certain industrial plants even "industrial deserts" have been created due to the pollutants. The Academy of Finland conducted an extensive research programme on Russia in flux in 2003-2007. As a part of this programme a project was conducted in order to create an integrated analysis of past and present atmospheric emissions of pollutants from Kola area, their dispersion patterns in the atmosphere, and their effects on the environment at Kola area, Russia and Finnish Lapland. Even though the sulphur emissions to the atmosphere from the metallurgical industry ...

Proceedings of the ERIAFF conference "Sustainable Food Systems: Multi-actor Co-operation to Foster New Competitiveness of Europe"

Business & Society, 2004

Variance theories have dominated corporate political action (CPA) research since the pioneering works in the 1970s and 1980s. Process theories offer an entirely new perspective on CPA research, as they are able to explain processes across a number of levels of analysis and link actions to contexts. We add to the existing CPA literature by offering a process model that can be useful especially in historical and evolutionary analysis. Our model depicts CPA as a complex system in which a firm's actions are affected by various factors across organizational, industry and institutional levels of analysis. As political actions also influence these factors, the process is in essence systemic and path-dependent. Our model supplements existing research by offering the possibility to explain the long-term consequences of CPA vis-a-vis wider societal changes and by promoting longitudinal research strategies. In addition to the theoretical model, we provide a historical analysis of the evolution of the Finnish paper and pulp industry to illustrate the applicability of the framework.

Florence: European University Institute, 2001

This paper concentrates on exploring the complex phenomena of the demand for military spending and the ensuing decision-making in two small countries, Sweden and Finland, in the interwar period. As noted in the introduction, there are essentially two trends of thought that one can follow in estimating the demand for military spending, either via the theory of pure public goods or a variety of micro-economic models. In this paper, both are utilized in the estimation procedures. In both of these cases, the basic military expenditure demand equation was found to be insufficient as such.