Modelling Of Operations Involving Non-Lethal Weapons

2013

Computer games are increasingly being used by armed forces to supplement conventional training methods. However, despite considerable anecdotal claims about their training effectiveness, empirical evidence is lacking. This paper critically reviews major studies conducted in the past decade that have examined game-based training with dismounted soldiers. The findings indicate that these studies are characterized by methodological limitations and that the evidence regarding the effectiveness of game-based training for this military population is not compelling. Furthermore, due to methodological limitations with the studies, the possibility of negative training effects cannot be discounted. The paper concludes with implications for the scientific and military communities, as well as recommendations for the conduct of future studies in this area.

1991

Many theater-level combat simulation models were developed with a linear NATO-Warsaw Pact conflict in mind. Conversely, emerging AirLand Battle-Future doctrine stresses smaller forces on nonlinear battlefields. This paper describes how an existing theater-level model, the Concepts Evaluation Model (CEM), models many AirLand Battle and AirLand Battle-Future tenets with examples from Operation Desert Storm Campaign Analyses. THE METHODOLOGY MAY BE APPLIED TO any ground combat simulation model with properties similar to CEM (CEM is briefly described in Chapter 2). Recommended application would specifically include force on force theaterlevel combat models. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS (1) AirLand Battle-Future (or AirLand Warfare or AirLand Operations) will be accepted by the US Army as its doctrine. (2) Most deterministic theater-level models are similar enough in their properties to allow application of some or all of the concepts embodied within this paper. (3) Computer simulations will continue to provide important insights into combat capabilities of forces. MAJOR LIMITATIONS (1) Applications and methodologies used within apply to CEM. Dissimilarities of other combat simulations may preclude adaptations of any or all of these insights. (2) The applications and methodologies described here were developed over an extremely short time period in order to provide timely, realistic simulations of critical combat contingency plans. Refinement or replacement of any or all of these methodologies after further research and development is possible. RESEARCH PAPER DATA Audience: Analysts familiar with the basic theories, assumptions, and challenges of combat simulation models. It is not intended for a lay audience.

SIMULATION, 2011

It is very important to use combat simulation in personnel training and preparing them for different war scenarios. Simulation modeling and analysis methodologies gives an opportunity to staff officers and commanders to measure the effectiveness of their plans and take necessary precautions. In a simulated environment, different combat scenarios can be tried without actually deploying the units to the combat area and getting ‘losts, costs, and risks’. As one of the most complicated and decisive operations on the road to victory, ‘air assault operations’ are high-risk, high-payoff operations that, when properly planned and vigorously executed, allow commanders to take the initiative in combat areas. In this study, we develop a simulation system called the Air Assault Operations Simulation Model (AAOSM) that allows planners to: (1) analyze air assault operations early in the decision process and refine those models as their decision process evolves, (2) perform ‘ bottleneck analysis’ ...

2014

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2003

The use of modelling and simulation (M&S) is becoming more pervasive throughout the NATO defence environment. Simulation models use a variety of techniques, which have evolved from system dynamics, information science and operations research (OR). There are closed simulations, without human interaction, which are used primarily for research and analysis. At the other end of the spectrum there are interactive simulations with considerably active participation of operators performing, in general, the human decision making process. The latter type has been the mainstay of experimental gaming or war gaming in the past, but is now finding increasing application in the computer-assisted exercises (CAX). Thus, it can be argued that, not only are simulation models and applications expanding, but that their associated techniques can be applied across the full spectrum of functional activities of armed forces.

1997

The purpose of this paper is to promote an understanding of and research into a new category of weapons, designated "nonlethal" by the military services. These weapons are also classified as "less-than-lethal" or "less-lethal" by law enforcement agencies. National security experts consider these weapons increasingly important in the post-Cold War era. This type of weapon has been used throughout history, but was given new emphasis during the Vietnam War era. Law enforcement agencies and Army national guard units relying upon traditional forms of politico-military force were ineffective in countering US domestic civil unrest. As similar types of conflict, now many magnitudes greater, seem to dominate international politics since the end of the Cold War, this type of weapon takes on increasing importance. The Department of Defense defines these weapons as follows: Weapons that are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment. Unlike conventional lethal weapons that destroy their targets principally through blast, penetration and fragmentation, nonlethal weapons employ means other than gross physical destruction to prevent the target from functioning. Non-lethal weapons are intended to have one, or both, of the following characteristics: a. they have relatively reversible effects on personnel or materiel, b. they affect objects differently within their area of influence [229:1-2]. We have followed this Western definition of nonlethal weapons in this paper, but have also included what would be considered non-Western forms of weaponry. The reason for the inclusion of these weapons, which specifically are designed to result in permanent injury to personnel, is because of the great likelihood that they will be used against US forces in future conflicts. Our intent is to create an initial term and reference listing that will help As listed in the table of contents, the entries in this paper are organized into seventeen categories for nonlethal weapons technology and five areas for concepts associated with the use of nonlethal technology. The citation protocol for entries list the reference material number and the page number as follows: [Reference Number:Page Number]. If an entire document is cited, no page numbers are given. For the purpose of accuracy, many terms have been directly quoted from a single referenced source, while others combined reference sources. Acoustic Beam. High power, very low frequency beam emitted from weaponry under development. Envisioned to be a piston-driven or detonationdriven pulser which forces compressed air into tubes to generate a low frequency wave . Acoustic, Blast Wave, Projector. Energy generation from a pulsed laser that will project a hot, high pressure plasma in the air in front of a target. It creates a blast wave with variable but controlled effects on hardware and troops . Acoustic Bullets. High power, very low frequency waves emitted from one to two meter antenna dishes. Results in blunt object trauma from waves generated in front of the target. Effects range from discomfort to death. A Russian device that can propel a 10-hertz sonic bullet the size of a baseball hundreds of yards is thought to exist. Proposed fixed site defense . Also known as sonic bullets. Acoustic, Curdler Unit. A device which is plugged into an HPS-1 sound system to produce a shrill shrieking, blatting noise. It is used to irritate and disperse rioters and had a decibel range just below that of the danger level to the human ear. It is used in night operations to produce a "voodoo" effect and effectively breaks up chanting, singing and clapping [2: 279-280,82:184,84,529]. Acoustic, Deference Tones. Devices which can project a voice or other sound to a particular location. The resulting sound can only be heard at that location [176:86]. Acoustic, Doppler Effect Alarm. Any movement in the area between a transmitter and a receiver causes a slight variation in the sound pattern received. By measuring this variation an alarm system can be made to be activated [23:204].

2011

Abstract: Decision makers often present military researchers with a most daunting challenge: to pursue, with some level of prophetic certainty, innovative concepts that will yield increased capabilities during future wars against forecasted threats in not-yet-determined ...

1985

1996

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Armament Research Services (ARES) & International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2017

The purpose of this report is to provide background information on the technical characteristics of indirect-fire weapon systems, examine how and when they are employed, address and explain issues regarding their accuracy and precision, and describe their effects. The report addresses a range of conventional artillery weapons firing explosive munitions, the use of which is not specifically prohibited or otherwise limited by international law (contrary to weapons such as landmines and cluster munitions, which do have specific restrictions imposed by international law). The weapon systems reviewed in this report are frequently encountered on contemporary battlefields, and commonly held by state armed forces and non-state armed groups. Section 1 of the report provides a brief developmental history of indirect-fire weapon systems, and gives generic information for the broad categories of indirect-fire artillery systems – guns, mortars, and rockets. Section 2 discusses the primary considerations affecting the employment of indirect-fire systems, including their role, operational considerations and doctrine. Section 3 of the report examines the accuracy and precision of indirect-fire systems, and the factors that affect this. Section 4 of the report examines the effects of explosive munitions.