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Earth Sciences
Geology

Planetary habitability: Lessons learned from terrestrial analogues

Profile image of Lewis DartnellLewis Dartnell

2014

https://doi.org/10.1017/S1473550413000396
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18 pages

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Abstract

Terrestrial analogue studies underpin almost all planetary missions and their use is essential in the exploration of our Solar system and in assessing the habitability of other worlds. Their value relies on the similarity of the analogue to its target, either in terms of their mineralogical or geochemical context, or current physical or chemical environmental conditions. Such analogue sites offer critical ground-truthing for astrobiological studies on the habitability of different environmental parameter sets, the biological mechanisms for survival in extreme environments and the preservation potential and detectability of biosignatures. The 33 analogue sites discussed in this review have been selected on the basis of their congruence to particular extraterrestrial locations. Terrestrial field sites that have been used most often in the literature, as well as some lesser known ones which require greater study, are incorporated to inform on the astrobiological potential of Venus, Mars, Europa, Enceladus and Titan. For example, the possibility of an aerial habitable zone on Venus has been hypothesized based on studies of life at high-altitudes in the terrestrial atmosphere. We also demonstrate why many different terrestrial analogue sites are required to satisfactorily assess the habitability of the changing environmental conditions throughout Martian history, and recommend particular sites for different epochs or potential niches. Finally, habitable zones within the aqueous environments of the icy moons of Europa and Enceladus and potentially in the hydrocarbon lakes of Titan are discussed and suitable analogue sites proposed. It is clear from this review that a number of terrestrial analogue sites can be applied to multiple planetary bodies, thereby increasing their value for astrobiological exploration. For each analogue site considered here, we summarize the pertinent physiochemical environmental features they offer and critically assess the fidelity with which they emulate their intended target locale. We also outline key issues associated with the existing documentation of analogue research and the constraints this has on the efficiency of discoveries in this field. This review thus highlights the need for a global open access database for planetary analogues.

Figures (13)
Fig. 1. Global map of the Earth with 33 analogue sites identified. All sites are described in Tables 1-3. Site 1 broadly corresponds to high-altitude atmospheric analogues for Venus.
Fig. 1. Global map of the Earth with 33 analogue sites identified. All sites are described in Tables 1-3. Site 1 broadly corresponds to high-altitude atmospheric analogues for Venus.
Table 1. Selected analogue sites for Mars
Table 1. Selected analogue sites for Mars
emergence and persistence of life. This planetary similarity is reflected in the number and diversity of Martian analogue sites available for study on Earth. Mars, however, has undergone global environmental change in its past (shown in Fig. 2), and so various terrestrial analogue sites are taken not just as emulations of the conditions prevalent in different regions on Mars, but also at different points in its evolutionary history. One of the main steps in assessing habitability on Mars is the evidence of past or present water. The selected analogue sites isted in Table | are, therefore, organized into rough epochs of Early Mars (Fig. 3), Middle Mars (Fig. 4) and Present Mars (Fig. 5), and focus on the evolving climate of Mars and the habitable analogues that can be applied. The sites listed in this table have been selected not only to include areas that are highly utilized and so have been well-characterized, but also highlight those less well-known areas that hold valuable information and require greater study to guide our under- standing of the range of habitable environments possible
emergence and persistence of life. This planetary similarity is reflected in the number and diversity of Martian analogue sites available for study on Earth. Mars, however, has undergone global environmental change in its past (shown in Fig. 2), and so various terrestrial analogue sites are taken not just as emulations of the conditions prevalent in different regions on Mars, but also at different points in its evolutionary history. One of the main steps in assessing habitability on Mars is the evidence of past or present water. The selected analogue sites isted in Table | are, therefore, organized into rough epochs of Early Mars (Fig. 3), Middle Mars (Fig. 4) and Present Mars (Fig. 5), and focus on the evolving climate of Mars and the habitable analogues that can be applied. The sites listed in this table have been selected not only to include areas that are highly utilized and so have been well-characterized, but also highlight those less well-known areas that hold valuable information and require greater study to guide our under- standing of the range of habitable environments possible
Table 3. Selected Analogue Sites for Titan on Mars. Mars is a planetary analogue success story. Observations and investigations on Mars have driven analogue research of hundreds of sites that have focused our attention on areas of Mars we might have originally overlooked, and ultimately helped us to better understand the limits to life on Earth and its preservation over geological time.
Table 3. Selected Analogue Sites for Titan on Mars. Mars is a planetary analogue success story. Observations and investigations on Mars have driven analogue research of hundreds of sites that have focused our attention on areas of Mars we might have originally overlooked, and ultimately helped us to better understand the limits to life on Earth and its preservation over geological time.
Fig. 3. Early Mars. (A) Site 2—Stromatolites from the Pilbara Region, Western Australia (courtesy of F. Westall). (B) Site 3 — Iron-rich acidic rive at Berrocal, Rio Tinto (L.J. Preston and Preston et al. 2011). (C) Site 4 — Polygons at The Golden Deposit, Canadian High Arctic (adapted frorr Battler et al. 2012). (D) Site 5 - Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park (courtesy of M. Parenteau). (E) Site 6 — Radar image of the Haughton Impact Structure, Canadian High Arctic. (F) Site 7 —- Geological map of the Dongwanzi Ophiolite Complex region, China (Adaptec from Kusky et al. 2001).
Fig. 3. Early Mars. (A) Site 2—Stromatolites from the Pilbara Region, Western Australia (courtesy of F. Westall). (B) Site 3 — Iron-rich acidic rive at Berrocal, Rio Tinto (L.J. Preston and Preston et al. 2011). (C) Site 4 — Polygons at The Golden Deposit, Canadian High Arctic (adapted frorr Battler et al. 2012). (D) Site 5 - Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park (courtesy of M. Parenteau). (E) Site 6 — Radar image of the Haughton Impact Structure, Canadian High Arctic. (F) Site 7 —- Geological map of the Dongwanzi Ophiolite Complex region, China (Adaptec from Kusky et al. 2001).
Fig. 4. Middle Mars. (A) Site 8 — Drainage patterns at Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic (courtesy of A. Singleton). (B) Site 9- Beacon Valley, Dry Valleys, East Antarctica (adapted from Fairén et a/. 2010). (C) Site 10 — Fimmvoréuhals volcanic crater and lava field, Iceland (L.J. Preston). (D) Site 11 — Koriaksky volcano, Kamchatka, Russian Federation (courtesy of C. Souness). (E) Site 12 — View of the Bockfjord Volcanic Complex, Svalbard (courtesy of C.Cousins/Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition 2010). (F) Site 13 - Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Credit: Muhammad Mahdi Karim).
Fig. 4. Middle Mars. (A) Site 8 — Drainage patterns at Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic (courtesy of A. Singleton). (B) Site 9- Beacon Valley, Dry Valleys, East Antarctica (adapted from Fairén et a/. 2010). (C) Site 10 — Fimmvoréuhals volcanic crater and lava field, Iceland (L.J. Preston). (D) Site 11 — Koriaksky volcano, Kamchatka, Russian Federation (courtesy of C. Souness). (E) Site 12 — View of the Bockfjord Volcanic Complex, Svalbard (courtesy of C.Cousins/Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition 2010). (F) Site 13 - Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Credit: Muhammad Mahdi Karim).
Fig. 5. Present Mars. (A) Site 14—The desert environment of the Atacama, South America (courtesy of J. DiRuggiero). (B) Site 15 —- The Antarctic Dry Valleys, Antarctica (courtesy of M. McLeod). (C) Site 16 —- The Mojave Desert, USA. (D) Site 17 — Landscape of the Moon, Namib Desert, Africa (Credit: Harald Siiffle, CC-BY-SA-2.5). (E) Site 18 - The Kess Kess carbonate mounds near the Ibn Battuta Centre, Morocco (Credit: Andres Rueggeberg). (F) Site 19 — The hyperarid Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau (Credit: NASA/Ames).
Fig. 5. Present Mars. (A) Site 14—The desert environment of the Atacama, South America (courtesy of J. DiRuggiero). (B) Site 15 —- The Antarctic Dry Valleys, Antarctica (courtesy of M. McLeod). (C) Site 16 —- The Mojave Desert, USA. (D) Site 17 — Landscape of the Moon, Namib Desert, Africa (Credit: Harald Siiffle, CC-BY-SA-2.5). (E) Site 18 - The Kess Kess carbonate mounds near the Ibn Battuta Centre, Morocco (Credit: Andres Rueggeberg). (F) Site 19 — The hyperarid Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau (Credit: NASA/Ames).
Fig. 6. Europa and Enceladus Surface Ice. (A) Site 20 — Radar image of Lake Vostok, Antarctica (Credit: NASA Goddard). This site can also be used as an analogue for the Brine Ocean and ocean floor environments. (B) Site 21 — Permafrost site from the Canadian Arctic (L.J. Preston). (C) Site 22 — Aerial photograph of sulphur-on-ice deposits, Borup Fiord Pass, Ellesmere Island (Credit: Damhait Gleeson, NASA/JPL).
Fig. 6. Europa and Enceladus Surface Ice. (A) Site 20 — Radar image of Lake Vostok, Antarctica (Credit: NASA Goddard). This site can also be used as an analogue for the Brine Ocean and ocean floor environments. (B) Site 21 — Permafrost site from the Canadian Arctic (L.J. Preston). (C) Site 22 — Aerial photograph of sulphur-on-ice deposits, Borup Fiord Pass, Ellesmere Island (Credit: Damhait Gleeson, NASA/JPL).
Fig. 7. Europa and Enceladus Brine Ocean. (A) Site 23 — Salt deposits at Lake Tirez, Spain (courtesy of O. Prieto-Ballesteros). (B) Site 25 — The saline soda lake of Mono Lake, California (L.J. Preston). (C) Site 26 — Halite deposits off the western coast of the Dead Sea, Israel (Credit: Wilson44691). Note: No image available for site 24 — The Orca Basin.
Fig. 7. Europa and Enceladus Brine Ocean. (A) Site 23 — Salt deposits at Lake Tirez, Spain (courtesy of O. Prieto-Ballesteros). (B) Site 25 — The saline soda lake of Mono Lake, California (L.J. Preston). (C) Site 26 — Halite deposits off the western coast of the Dead Sea, Israel (Credit: Wilson44691). Note: No image available for site 24 — The Orca Basin.
Fig. 8. Europa and Enceladus Ocean Floor. (A) Site 27 - Hydrothermal vent field, Lost City, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Credit: National Science Foundation (University of Washington/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)). (B) Site 28 — Location of the Marianna Trench, Pacific Oceat (Credit: Google Earth 2013). (C) Site 29 — Aerial photograph of the Lidy Hot Springs, USA (courtesy of the USGS). (D) Site 30 —- Columnar jointing of the Columbia River Basalts, USA (L.J. Preston).
Fig. 8. Europa and Enceladus Ocean Floor. (A) Site 27 - Hydrothermal vent field, Lost City, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Credit: National Science Foundation (University of Washington/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)). (B) Site 28 — Location of the Marianna Trench, Pacific Oceat (Credit: Google Earth 2013). (C) Site 29 — Aerial photograph of the Lidy Hot Springs, USA (courtesy of the USGS). (D) Site 30 —- Columnar jointing of the Columbia River Basalts, USA (L.J. Preston).
Fig. 9. Titan. (A) Site 31 — Liquid asphalt of Pitch Lake, Trinidad and Tobago (courtesy of D. Schulze-Makuch). (B) Site 32 — Emerging gas bubble at Rancho La Brea Tar Pits, California (Credit: Daniel Schwen).
Fig. 9. Titan. (A) Site 31 — Liquid asphalt of Pitch Lake, Trinidad and Tobago (courtesy of D. Schulze-Makuch). (B) Site 32 — Emerging gas bubble at Rancho La Brea Tar Pits, California (Credit: Daniel Schwen).

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