Production and processing of graphene and related materials
2D Materials
https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/AB1E0AAbstract
We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. 2D Mater. 7 (2020) 022001 C Backes et al be used to probe morphological properties, as well as to study growth mechanisms and quality of transfer. More generally, SPM combined with smart measurement protocols in various modes allows one to get obtain information on mechanical properties, surface potential, work functions, electrical properties, or effectiveness of functionalization. Some of the techniques described are suitable for 'in situ' characterization, and can be hosted within the growth chambers. If the diagnosis is made 'ex situ', consideration should be given to the preparation of the samples to avoid contamination. Occasionally cleaning methods have to be used prior to measurement. I. Bottom-up I.1. Graphene nanoribbons I.2. Graphene and carbon nanomembranes I.3. Heterostructures from CNMs II. Top-down II.1. Precursors II.2. Liquid phase exfoliation II.3. GO and RGO II.4. Chemical intercalation and reductive exfoliation II.5. Electrochemical exfoliation II.6. Sonication-assisted versus chemical versus electrochemical exfoliation II.7. Computational modelling of exfoliation of LMs III. Processing of dispersions III.1. Size selection III.2. Inks formulation III.3. Printing and deposition of inks III.4. Applications IV. Graphene growth on SiC IV.1. Sublimation IV.2. CVD growth on SiC V. CVD, PVD & MBE V.1. Growth on metals V.2. Graphene growth on semiconductors V.3. Graphene growth on insulators V.4. Brief comparison of all methods VI. Graphene transfer, placement and decoupling from substrate VI.1. Wet transfer VI.2. Semi-dry transfer: hot press lamination and UV assisted transfer VI.3. Dry transfer using h-BN VI.4. Graphene/PMMA sandwich structures VII. Growth and transfer of other layered materials VII.1. Hexagonal BN VII.2. Layered semiconductors VII.3. Layered materials heterostructures VIII. Functionalization of GRMs VIII.1. Covalent functionalization of graphene VIII.2. Functionalization of GO VIII.3. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene VIII.4. Defect functionalization of GRM VIII.5. Decoration with nanoparticles VIII.6. Functionalization of other LMs IX. Characterization methods IX.1. Microscopies IX.2. Spectroscopies IX.3. Electrical characterization IX.4. Mechanical characterization Conclusions Acknowledgment References
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