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Computer Networks

Reliable Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Profile image of Nathalie MittonNathalie Mitton

2010, Distributed Computing Systems …

Abstract

One of the notoriously difficult problems in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) is to ensure that established routing paths do not break before the end of data transmission. This is a difficult problem because the network topology is constantly changing and the wireless communication links are inherently unstable, due to high node mobility. In this paper we classify existing VANET routing protocols into five categories: connectivitybased, mobility-based, infrastructure-based, geographic-locationbased, and probability-model-based, according to their employed routing metrics. For each category, we present the general design ideas and state of the art. Our objective is to attract more attention to the VANET routing problem and encourage more research efforts on developing reliable solutions.

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Parameter Based Efficient Reliable Routing Technique to Enhance Network Lifetime for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
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Some Inherent Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) characteristics such as intermittent connectivity, highly dynamic topology, and hard delay constraints, make data communication a challenging task in these networks. Due to such peculiarities, in this paper we study the impact of using vehicles predicted locations as a metric for data communication in VANETs. This paper deals with PBERR (Parameter Based Efficient Reliable Routing) for VANETs, which is a multilevel routing algorithm. The focus of this algorithm is 100% data transmission from end to end with no loss or drop of data packets by selecting the reliable path. The proposed algorithm will use the data of the digital maps to limit the scope of message exchanges in the shortest path for vehicles between source and destination. Our results clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution in different scenarios, especially in terms of Network throughput, Energy consumption and Average delay.

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Reliability and Quality of Service of an Optimized Protocol for Routing in VANETs
Khaled Ghedira

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) are a special kind of Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs), which can provide scalable solutions for applications such as traffic safety, internet access, etc. To properly achieve this goal, these applications need an efficient routing protocol. Yet, contrary to the routing protocols designed for the MANETs, the routing protocols for the VANETs must take into account the highly dynamic topology caused by the fast mobility of the vehicles. Hence, improving the MANET routing protocol or designing a new one specific for the VANETs are the usual approaches to efficiently perform the routing protocol in a vehicular environment. In this context, we previously enhanced the Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing protocol(DSDV) based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Multi-Agent System (MAS). This motivation for the PSO and MAS comes from the behaviors seen in very complicated problems, in particular routing. The main goal of this paper is ...

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A Survey on Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Routing Protocols: Classification and Challenges
Mourad Amad

Journal of Digital Information Management, 2019

The Vehicle ad hoc Networks (VANET) are attracting more and more manufacturers and researchers' attention. Many challenges must be addressed before VANETs can be successfully deployed. The most challenging issue in VANETs is designing of routing mechanisms and efficient medium access control protocols so that safety related and other application messages can be timely and reliably disseminated through VANETs. The aim of VANET routing protocols is establishing of an efficient route between network nodes that should adapt to the rapid changes in the network topology. However, routing protocols in VANET is a challenging issue, mainly due to the rapidly changing topology of vehicles and frequent fragmentation in the network. In this work, we review the most frequent routing protocols for VANETs and then we provide a taxonomy of these protocols based on the used relay selection technique. We compare and discuss these routing protocols according to different criteria. Moreover, we discuss several issues and prerequisite that should be considered when designing VANETs routing. Finally, we highlight the most important aspects and future directions that could be explored in the design of a new Geocast routing solution for vehicular routing algorithms as a contribution for further work.

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Reliable Routing Scheme for VANETs in City Environment
Rab Nawaz Jadoon

2012

Vehicular ad hoc networks are more helpful in providing road safety and many other commercial applications. As routing plays very important role in VANET applications because it has to handle efficiently rapid topology changes. The most recent routing protocols are very useful in city environment but they cause end to end delay in some cases. In this paper, we have proposed a new reliable routing scheme (RRS) for VANETs by applying position based routing strategy with the consideration of nodes moving direction, and predicable mobility in city environment. It consists of two modules (1) Dynamically selecting the junctions through which the packets must pass to reach the destination and (2) applying efficient routing by keeping two hop neighbors information to forward packet between two junctions. Simulation results show that RRS performs better in terms of increased packet delivery ratio as well as decreased average end to end delay against GyTAR.

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences Routing Protocols for Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs): A Review
Arumugam Indra

Routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks is a challenging task due to the unique characteristics of the network such as high mobility of nodes, dynamically changing topology and highly partitioned network. It is a challenge to ensure reliable, continuous and seamless communication in the presence of speeding vehicles. The performance of routing protocols depends on various internal factors such as mobility of nodes and external factors such as road topology and obstacles that block the signal. This demands a highly adaptive approach to deal with the dynamic scenarios by selecting the best routing and forwarding strategies and by using appropriate mobility and propagation models. In this paper we review the existing routing protocols for VANETs and categorise them into a taxonomy based on key attributes such as network architecture, applications supported, routing strategies, forwarding strategies, mobility models and quality of service metrics. Protocols belonging to unicast, multicast, geocast and broadcast categories are discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of various protocols using topology based, position based and cluster based approaches are analysed. Emphasis is given on the adaptive and context-aware routing protocols. Simulation of broadcast and unicast protocols is carried out and the results are presented.

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Link and Path Availability of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
Syed Hassan Ahmed

Mobility constraints and speed cause the radio link to break frequently, the main issue in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is how to select the path which is more reliable. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the reliable link between the nodes and reliable path for the purpose of communication. This paper also evaluates and compares the performance of routing protocols with different number of nodes, mobilities and speeds in MANETs and VANETs using Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO), End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Average Link Duration (ALD) and Average Path Duration (APD). We select three routing protocols namely Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). We perform these simulations with NS-2 using Two Ray Ground propagation model. The Vanet MobiSim simulator is used to generate a random mobility pattern for VANETs. From the extensive simulations, we observe that AODV is more efficient than both FSR and OLSR at the cost of delay but the ALD and APD of FSR and OLSR are greater as compared to AODV. Moreover these protocols perform better in MANETs as compared to VANETs KEYWORDS: AODV, FSR, OLSR, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load, link duration, path duration, MANETs, V.

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Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks: Survey and Research Challenges
Pavan Kumar Pagadala

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a type of wireless ad hoc network that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between vehicles in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Multi-hop routing and beaconing approaches are two important research challenges in high mobility vehicular networks. Routing protocols are divided into two categories of topology-based and position-based routing protocols. In this article, we perform a comparative study among the existing routing solutions, which explores the main advantages and drawbacks behind their design. After implementing the representatives of geographical and topology routing protocols, we analyze the simulation results and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these routing protocols in regard to their suitability to vehicular networks. Lastly, we discuss the open issues and research directions related to VANET routing protocols.

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An Overview of Routing protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
Mohamed Nabil

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 2020

In the last years many routing protocols have been proposed for VANET by taking into account its specific characteristics, including the frequent change of the topology, the high vehicles' speed and non random movement of vehicles. There are different classification types that have been used to represent routing protocols in VANET. This classification differs from one author to another and it not takes into account several factors. In this paper, we present an overview of the existing routing protocols in VANETs taking into account a new classification. We start by the challenges of routing in VANET, followed by a detailed discussion of singlelayer routing with more focus on geographic routing protocols. The Cross-layer routing protocols are discussed afterwards. Finally, we underline some open issues in developing efficient routing protocols in VANETs.

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Survey of Reliable Routing Scheme in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network
Rajdeep Shrivastava

2020

Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE., Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence, Bhopal, India

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Link reliability-based multi-hop directional location routing in vehicular ad hoc network
Dr Kamlesh Kumar Rana

Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 2020

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a self-organized and decentralized wireless ad hoc network formed by the mobile vehicles on demand to communicate the traffic-related valuable information among the vehicles. The mobile vehicles work as a node because they use to either send or receive traffic-related information in the network. The vehicles can communicate within restricted distance but mobility nature causes they frequently switch from one network to another network topology; therefore, the links among the vehicles seldom vanish. Therefore, in the multi-hop VANET delivery of the messages at the anticipated destination is problematic. In this paper, a routing mechanism namely link reliability-based multi-hop directional location routing (MHDLR) has proposed to overcome the link vanish problem. The MHDLR decides a link reliability-based next-hop node to create a strongly durable path from the source to destination. In multi-hop VANET, the inter-vehicle distance directly impacts on the connectivity of the vehicles. Therefore, to estimate the link reliability of vehicles their inter-vehicle distance and relative velocity have considered. The geometry-based localization mechanism (G-BLM) has been proposed to estimate the inter-vehicle distance of the vehicles. The performance of MHDLR has estimated for routing metrics i.e. path vanish, message broadcasting time in the group, packet delivery ratio and throughput. The simulated outcomes of the proposed model MHDLR have shown, its performance is better as compared to the existing fuzzy-logic based directional location routing (FLDLR), directional location aided routing (D-LAR) and location aided routing (LAR) protocols.

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This paper introduces a Reliable Routing Protocol (R 2 P) for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), which divides the network into overlapping zones. For each zone, a special node is promoted to be the Master Node (MN), which maintains an up-to-date routing boards for inter/intra-zone communication. R 2 P depends on two types of boards, namely; Internal Routing Board (IRB) and External Routing Board (ERB). Two types of IRB are used, namely; Zone Routing Board (ZRB) that is maintained by MNs, and Private Routing Board (PRB) that is maintained by each network node. Both ZRB and PRB register routes among zone nodes, while ERB, which is maintained by MN, registers available gateways to neighboring zones. R 2 P employs a special route discovery mechanism to discover available routes to the destination, and then elects the most reliable route. It has been compared against the recent VANET's routing protocols. Experimental results have shown that R 2 P outperforms the others.

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RIVER: A reliable inter-vehicular routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks
Jane Shirley

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs), an emerging technology, would allow vehicles on roads to form a self-organized network without the aid of a permanent infrastructure. As a prerequisite to communication in VANETs, an efficient route between communicating nodes in the network must be established, and the routing protocol must adapt to the rapidly changing topology of vehicles in motion. This is one of the goals of VANET routing protocols. In this paper, we present an efficient routing protocol for VANETs, called the Reliable Inter-VEhicular Routing (RIVER) protocol. RIVER utilizes an undirected graph that represents the surrounding street layout where the vertices of the graph are points at which streets curve or intersect, and the graph edges represent the street segments between those vertices. Unlike existing protocols, RIVER performs real-time, active traffic monitoring and uses these data and other data gathered through passive mechanisms to assign a reliability rating to each street edge. The protocol then uses these reliability ratings to select the most reliable route. Control messages are used to identify a node's neighbors, determine the reliability of street edges, and to share street edge reliability information with other nodes.

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A Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
Dr. Irshad A H M E D Abbasi

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have earned a gigantic consideration in the recent era. Wide deployment of VANETs for enhancing traffic safety, traffic management, and assisting drivers through elegant transportation system is facing several research challenges that need to be addressed. One of the crucial issues consists of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to rapid topology changes and frequent link disconnections caused by the high mobility of vehicles. In this article, first of all, we give a detailed technical analysis, comparison, and drawbacks of the existing state-of-the-art routing protocols. Then, we propose a novel routing scheme called a Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF). The novelty of our protocol comes from the fact that firstly it establishes an optimal route for vehicles to send packets towards their respective destinations by considering connectivity and the shortest optimal distance based on multiple intersections. Secondly, it uses a novel reliable packet forwarding technique in-between intersections that avoids packet loss while forwarding packet due to the occurrence of sudden link ruptures. The performance of the protocol is assessed through computer simulations. Simulation outcomes specify the gains of the proposed routing scheme as compared to the earlier significant protocols like GSR (Geographic Source Routing), GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing), E-GyTAR (Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing), and TFOR (Traffic Flow-Oriented Routing) in terms of routing metrics such as delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.

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A Study of Reliable Routing Protocols for Vehicular Adhoc Networks
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There are numerous research challenges that need to be addressed until a wide deployment of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) becomes possible. One of the critical issues consists of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to frequent path disruptions caused by vehicles' mobility. This paper argues the use of information on vehicles' movement information (e.g., position, direction, speed, and digital mapping of roads) to predict a possible link-breakage event prior to its occurrence. Vehicles are grouped according to their velocity vectors. This kind of grouping ensures that vehicles, belonging to the same group, are more likely to establish stable single and multihop paths as they are moving together. Setting up routes that involve only vehicles from the same group guarantees a high level of stable communication in VANETs. The scheme presented in this paper also reduces the overall traffic in highly mobile VANET networks. The frequency of flood requests is reduced by elongating the link duration of the selected paths. To prevent broadcast storms that may be intrigued during path discovery operation, another scheme is also introduced. The basic concept behind the proposed scheme is to broadcast only specific and well-defined packets, referred to as "best packets" in this paper. The performance of the scheme is evaluated through computer simulations. Simulation results indicate the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of increasing link duration, reducing the number of link-breakage events and increasing the end-to-end throughput.

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Related topics

  • Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
  • Routing protocols
  • Vehicular ad hoc network
  • Distributed Computing Systems
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