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Title
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results Are Given as Means (± Ee)
Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References

Fatty acids profile of oil from nine varieties ofMacadamianut

Profile image of Sandra T Martín-del-CampoSandra T Martín-del-Campo

2016, International Journal of Food Properties

https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1206125
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Abstract

The fatty acids profile and lipids content of the Macadamia integrifolia and Macadamia tetraphylla varieties and interspecies hybrids, M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla were analyzed. Total lipids content ranged from 70.9 to 79.7 g of oil per 100 g −1 dry-solids. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry identified 20 fatty acids, the most abundant of which were oleic acid (40 to 51%), palmitoleic acid (24 to 36%), and palmitic acid (8.4 to 13.1%). Fatty acids concentration differed between varieties and hybrids (Multivariate analysis of variance, F = 13.89, p < 0.0001). A ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acid values ranged from 2.8 to 4.6. The Huatusco variety (M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) exhibited the highest percentage of lipids (79.7 g of oil per 100 g −1 DS) and the highest monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acid (4.6), thus highlighted its potential applications within the food industry. The Cate variety (M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) had the lowest monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acid, suggesting potential uses in the cosmetics industry.

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Adriana Flach

Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2020

Palm trees belong to the Arecaceae family and are distributed mainly in the tropical forests of different continents [1]. There are about 2600 species comprising around 240 genera [2]. In Brazil, there are 383 species of palm trees, among which 118 are in the northern region [2]. This area of the country is part of the Amazon biome, which is known for its rich biodiversity. Palm trees are a valuable resource for the riverside inhabitants of this region, as they are used in various rituals and in the manufacture of different ornaments [3]. In regards to the economy, they provide palm tree heart, starch, oils and fibers, as well as raw material for the production of cosmetics [4-7]. In diets they can be ingested as wine, juice, ice cream, and also in natura [6-9]. The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid content of the oil of the epicarp and mesocarp fruit of three palm tree species found in Amazonia: Astrocaryum gynacanthum, Geonoma deversa, and Iriartella setigera. For the A. gynacanthum species, analysis of two different parts of the fruit was carried out: the epicarp and the mesocarp. For the G. deversa and I. setigera species, since they have a very thin epicarp that adheres to the mesocarp, making it difficult to separate them from each other, an analysis of the oil from both parts together was done, and it is referred to as mesocarp in this reseach. In the analysis of the chemical composition of the oils, several fatty acids with chains ranging from 4 to 24 carbons were identified (Table 1). A significant amount of palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1n9c/t), and linoleic acids (18:2n6c) was observed in the analysis of the fatty acid content of the epicarp and mesocarp oils. The analyses show that the extracted oils consist mainly of unsaturated fatty acids (49.90-66.96%), with oleic acid being the major component (32.72-58.90%). Linoleic acid was found in the oil of all species studied, but in greater proportions in the epicarp (15.33%) and mesocarp (18.78%) of the A. gynacanthum species. Among the saturated fatty acids analyzed in all samples, palmitic acid is found in the highest percentage (19.80% to 24.18%), followed by stearic acid (4.99% to 6.14%). In A. gynacanthum, lauric acid was detected in the epicarp (3.81%) and mesocarp (5.83%), while the myristic acid content was 2.77% in the epicarp and 4.19% in the mesocarp. Moreover, 1.14% of tetracosanoic acid (24:0) was detected in the mesocarp of this species. In the I. setigera species, 5.47% lauric acid, 3.53% myristic acid, 2.33% heptadecanoic acid (17:0), 1.25% tricosanoic acid (23:0), and 2.93% tetracosanoic acid were found in the mesocarp. Studies mention palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid as the most common ones found in vegetable oils [10]. The acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 families, which are essential fatty acids, are not produced by the human body and are precursors of several other substances that are important in metabolism [10, 11]. α-Linolenic acid (18:3n3), which belongs to the omega-3 family, is present in all the oils studied, but it stands out in the oils of the epicarp (2.49%) and mesocarp (2.71%) of A. gynacanthum. α-Linolenic acid can be found in linseed and nut oils [11]. Linoleic acid (18:2n6c), which belongs to the omega-6 family, was found in all oils, being identified in higher percentages mainly in the epicarp and mesocarp of A. gynacanthum. Some sources of linoleic acid in vegetable oils are corn, sunflower, and soybean oils [11].

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Fatty Acid Compositions of fruit and seed oils of some wild growing plant species
Yavuz Bağcı

2020

The fatty acid compositions of the 37 plant seed oils were determined by Gas Chromotography. Fatty acid compositions of oils were determined as follows: stearic (0.08 (Allium sieheanum Hausskn. ex Kollmann Endemic)-9.78% (Termopsis turcica Kit Tan, Vural & KüçüködükEndemic)), behenic (0.09% (Robinra pseudoacacia L.)-34.38% (Sisyrobrium altissimum L.)), linolenic (6.55% (Suaeda carnossissima Post)-41.18% (Prangus hyniae H. Duman & M.F. Watson Endemic)), cis-11,14eicosadienoic (0.15% (Prangus hyniae H. Duman & M.F. Watson Endemic)-69.55% (Asphadelina rigidifolia (Boiss.) BakerEndemic )), heneicosanoic (7.00% (Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. tomentella (Boiss.) P.H. Davis and Hyacin Hella campanulata K.M. Perss. & WendelboEndemic)-59.93% (Allium cappadocicum Boiss. Endemic) and caproic (0.43% (Sisyrobrium altissimum L.) 43.44% (Bupleunim rotundifolium L.)) and some minor fatty acids. The highest heneicosanoic acid was found in termopsis (51.93%), Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall. subsp. elaeagnifol...

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Relationships between Nut Size, Kernel Quality, Nutritional Composition and Levels of Outcrossing in Three Macadamia Cultivars
Tarran Richards

Plants

Tree nuts play an important role in healthy diets, but their economic value and nutritional quality may be affected by their size and paternity. We assessed relationships between nut size and kernel recovery, the incidence of whole kernels, fatty acid composition and mineral nutrient concentrations in three macadamia cultivars, “Daddow”, “816” and “A4”. We determined to what extent differences in nut size and quality were the result of different levels of cross- or self-paternity. Small nuts of all cultivars had lower kernel recovery than large nuts, and small nuts provided lower incidence of whole kernels in “Daddow” and “A4”. Small kernels had a lower relative abundance of the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, in all cultivars and higher relative abundance of the unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, in “Daddow” and “A4”. Small kernels had higher concentrations of many essential nutrients such as nitrogen and calcium, although potassium concentrations were lower in small kernels....

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Squalene Extraction by Supercritical Fluids from Traditionally Puffed Amaranthus hypochondriacus Seeds
Sandra T Martín-del-Campo

Journal of Food Quality

Extraction of squalene, a potent natural antioxidant, from puffed A. hypochondriacus seeds was performed by supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE); besides, to have a blank for comparison, extraction was performed also by Soxhlet method using organic solvents (hexane). Chemical proximal composition and seed morphology were determined in raw, puffed, and SCFE-extracted seeds. Extracts were obtained with a 500 mL capacity commercial supercritical extractor and performed between 10 and 30 MPa at 313, 323, and 333 K under constant CO2 flow of 0.18 kg CO2/h during 8 h. The squalene content was determined and the fatty acids present in the extracts were identified by GC-MS. The extract obtained by SCFE from puffed amaranth seeds reached 460 ± 28.1 g/kg squalene in oily extract at 313 K/20 MPa.

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Cyanogenesis in Macadamia and Direct Analysis of Hydrogen Cyanide in Macadamia Flowers, Leaves, Husks, and Nuts Using Selected Ion Flow Tube–Mass Spectrometry
Hardy Castada

Foods

Macadamia has increasing commercial importance in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the toxic compound hydrogen cyanide (HCN) released from the hydrolysis of cyanogenic compounds in Macadamia causes a safety risk. In this study, optimum conditions for the maximum release of HCN from Macadamia were evaluated. Direct headspace analysis of HCN above Macadamia plant parts (flower, leaves, nuts, and husks) was carried out using selected ion flow tube–mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The cyanogenic glycoside dhurrin and total cyanide in the extracts were analyzed using HPLC-MS and UV–vis spectrophotometer, respectively. HCN released in the headspace was at a maximum when Macadamia samples were treated with pH 7 buffer solution and heated at 50 °C for 60 min. Correspondingly, treatment of Macadamia samples under these conditions resulted in 93–100% removal of dhurrin and 81–91% removal of total cyanide in the sample extracts. Hydrolysis of cyanogenic glucosides follo...

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The Genome of the Endangered Macadamia Jansenii Displays Little Diversity but Represents an Important Genetic Resource for Plant Breeding
Stanley Chirwa

Plant direct, 2021

Macadamia, a recently domesticated expanding nut crop in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is one of the most economically important genera in the diverse and widely adapted Proteaceae family. All four species of Macadamia are rare in the wild with the most recently discovered, M. jansenii, being endangered. The M. jansenii genome has been used as a model for testing sequencing methods using a wide range of long read sequencing techniques. Here we report a chromosome level genome assembly, generated using a combination of Pacific Biosciences sequencing and Hi-C, comprising 14 pseudo-molecules, with a N50 of 58 Mb and a total 758 Mb genome assembly size of which 56% is repetitive. Completeness assessment revealed that the assembly covered 96.9% of the conserved single copy genes. Annotation predicted 31,591 protein coding genes and allowed the characterization of genes encoding biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides, fatty acid metabolism and anti-microbial proteins. Re-sequencing of seven other genotypes confirmed low diversity and low heterozygosity within this endangered species. Important morphological characteristics of this species such as small tree size and high kernel recovery suggest that M. jansenii is an important source of these commercial traits for breeding. As a member of a small group of families that are sister to the core eudicots, this high-quality genome also provides a key resource for evolutionary and comparative genomics studies.

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The Knockout of the ASIP Gene Altered the Lipid Composition in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via the Expression of Genes in the Lipid Metabolism Pathway
ambreen iqbal

Animals

Agouti signalling protein (ASIP) is a coat colour-related protein and also is a protein-related to lipid metabolism, which had first been found in agoutis. According to our previous study, ASIP is a candidate gene that affects the lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. However, its effect on milk lipid has not been reported yet. This study focused on the effect of the ASIP gene on the lipid metabolism of mammary epithelial cells in cattle. The ASIP gene was knocked out in bMECs by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The result of transcriptome sequencing showed that the differentially expressed genes associated with lipid metabolism were mainly enriched in the fatty acids metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the contents of intracellular triglycerides were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05), and cholesterol tended to rise (p &gt; 0.05) in bMECs with the knockout of the ASIP gene. Fatty acid assays showed a significant alteration in medium and long-chain fatty acid content. Saturated and p...

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