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Introduction -Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Systems
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Trends of power electronics on renewable energy systems

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Abstract

The paper focuses on the power electronics used in renewable energy systems and especially in wind and photovoltaic (PV) applications. During the last years there was a broad development in the field of power electronics which led to more efficient systems and reduction of the cost per installed kW. The inverters became more efficient and reached efficiencies in excess of 98%, while commercial solar modules reached almost 17% efficiency. Furthermore, the wind turbines use inverters of improved efficiency, reliability and regulation capabilities. In this paper the recent trends of power electronics topologies used in such systems are presented.

Figures (13)
Figure 1a: Photovoltaic effect The PV modules and the power electronics that convert the produced electric power by the PV modules are the basic parts of a PV installation. The PV modules comprise several solar cells which convert the energy of the sunlight directly into electricity, and are connected in a proper way (typically in series), to provide desired levels of DC current and voltage. They produce electricity due to a quantum- mechanic process known as the “photovoltaic effect” [1]. A presentation of this conversion is shown on Figure 1a. There are many semiconductor materials suitable for solar cells manufacturing. The most commonly used are monocrystalline Si cells, polycrystalline Si cells and amorphous Si cells, although several other thin film technologies exist in the market. The efficiency of monocrystalline Si cells is almost 17%, for polycrystalline cells reaches almost 15%, while an efficiency of 10% is achieved in the case of amorphous Si PV cells. All PV modules have a typical current-voltage characteristic curve, used to make all necessary calculations, as shown on Figure 1b [4].
Figure 1a: Photovoltaic effect The PV modules and the power electronics that convert the produced electric power by the PV modules are the basic parts of a PV installation. The PV modules comprise several solar cells which convert the energy of the sunlight directly into electricity, and are connected in a proper way (typically in series), to provide desired levels of DC current and voltage. They produce electricity due to a quantum- mechanic process known as the “photovoltaic effect” [1]. A presentation of this conversion is shown on Figure 1a. There are many semiconductor materials suitable for solar cells manufacturing. The most commonly used are monocrystalline Si cells, polycrystalline Si cells and amorphous Si cells, although several other thin film technologies exist in the market. The efficiency of monocrystalline Si cells is almost 17%, for polycrystalline cells reaches almost 15%, while an efficiency of 10% is achieved in the case of amorphous Si PV cells. All PV modules have a typical current-voltage characteristic curve, used to make all necessary calculations, as shown on Figure 1b [4].
Figure 2: Simplified diagrams of DC/DC converter topologies.
Figure 2: Simplified diagrams of DC/DC converter topologies.
Figure 3a: Single phase half bridge inverter
Figure 3a: Single phase half bridge inverter
The output of the inverter is connected to the load through a transformer. The full bridge inverter has a similar function, but the output voltage is higher than the half bridge inverter. In figure 4 we can also see the layout of a three phase stand alone inverter [3], [4]. In grid-connected applications the energy is provided directly to the grid and the necessary parts are the PV modules and the inverters. This reduces the cost of the system and it also reduces the necessary maintenance, as the batteries are the most maintenance-demanding components. The inverters for grid connectec applications may have different topology and operation than off-grid ones. They have to produce excellent quality sine wave output, follow the frequency anc voltage of the grid and extract maximum power from the PV modules through the MPPT. The inverter input scans the I—V curve of the string until the maximum powel point is found. [2], [1] The grid inverter always monitors the grid and the outpu voltage and frequency must be controlled. The most common modulation is the PWM modulation and operates at a range of 2 to 20 KHz [1]. Grid connectec inverters are classified as voltage source inverters (VSI) and current source inverters (CSI). However, in PV applications VSI inverters are used. The layout o the VSI topology is shown in Figure 5.
The output of the inverter is connected to the load through a transformer. The full bridge inverter has a similar function, but the output voltage is higher than the half bridge inverter. In figure 4 we can also see the layout of a three phase stand alone inverter [3], [4]. In grid-connected applications the energy is provided directly to the grid and the necessary parts are the PV modules and the inverters. This reduces the cost of the system and it also reduces the necessary maintenance, as the batteries are the most maintenance-demanding components. The inverters for grid connectec applications may have different topology and operation than off-grid ones. They have to produce excellent quality sine wave output, follow the frequency anc voltage of the grid and extract maximum power from the PV modules through the MPPT. The inverter input scans the I—V curve of the string until the maximum powel point is found. [2], [1] The grid inverter always monitors the grid and the outpu voltage and frequency must be controlled. The most common modulation is the PWM modulation and operates at a range of 2 to 20 KHz [1]. Grid connectec inverters are classified as voltage source inverters (VSI) and current source inverters (CSI). However, in PV applications VSI inverters are used. The layout o the VSI topology is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 3: Single phase full bridge inverter
Figure 3: Single phase full bridge inverter
Figure 6a: Horizontal axis WT 3. Power Electronics for WT applications The efficiency of Central Inverters has climbed from 92% since the 1990's to 98.8% in 2010. Their main advantage is their high reliability providing maximum operational life. Recently, the trend is to offer Central Station Inverters (CSI), which include the house, the transformer, the medium voltage switchgear, the monitoring system, the cooling concept and the wiring and they arrive on the installation pre- assembled, which minimizes all the required tasks and connections.
Figure 6a: Horizontal axis WT 3. Power Electronics for WT applications The efficiency of Central Inverters has climbed from 92% since the 1990's to 98.8% in 2010. Their main advantage is their high reliability providing maximum operational life. Recently, the trend is to offer Central Station Inverters (CSI), which include the house, the transformer, the medium voltage switchgear, the monitoring system, the cooling concept and the wiring and they arrive on the installation pre- assembled, which minimizes all the required tasks and connections.
Figure 6b: Vertical axis WT
Figure 6b: Vertical axis WT
MOSFETs for low power and IGBTs for higher power enable the implementation of bidirectional switches, which make the inverter topology very attractive for AC power handling.
MOSFETs for low power and IGBTs for higher power enable the implementation of bidirectional switches, which make the inverter topology very attractive for AC power handling.
Figure 8: Matrix converter steady state simulations
Figure 8: Matrix converter steady state simulations
Figure 9b: Control characteristic for a fully controlled soft starter.
Figure 9b: Control characteristic for a fully controlled soft starter.

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