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Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area and Data
Statistical Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References

Precipitation Trends over Slovakia in the Period 1981–2013

Profile image of Manuela PortelaManuela Portela

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https://doi.org/10.3390/W9120922
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20 pages

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Abstract

The objective of this paper was to analyze the temporal and spatial trends in annual and seasonal precipitation in Slovakia utilizing 487 gauging station data collected statewide in the period from 1981 to 2013. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical test, which has been widely used to assess the significance of trends in hydrological time series, was applied to detect the significant trends. The Theil-Sen (TS) approach was applied to quantify the trend magnitude, and the Sequential Mann-Kendall (SQMK) test was used to detect abrupt temporal trend shifts. In general, precipitation data in the study area have not changed during the last 33 years, and there are no big gaps. However, predominantly increasing trends in precipitation time series were found at most of the gauging stations in Slovakia. The results corroborate previous climatic studies in the area of central Europe. In Slovakia, there is evidence of different rain distribution from the monthly point of view. Decreasing trends were detected in December in the northern part of Slovakia, while the central and southern parts revealed increasing trends. Most of the stations showed increasing summer precipitation trends, especially in July. It is expected that the findings of this comprehensive study of precipitation trends over Slovakia will produce more insights for the understanding of the regional hydrological behavior in Slovakia over the last several decades.

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This paper presents the results of trend analysis applied to monthly precipitation data in Slovakia for the hydrological year (from November to October). Slovakia belongs in the northern moderate climatic zone. There are four seasons during the year – winter, spring, summer and fall. The weather in Slovakia is quite changeable due to the influence of dry continental air from the north and humid ocean air from the west. The topography of Slovakia is very diverse, and altitude is an important factor affecting the temperature and precipitation. The weather is usually warmer in the lowlands than in the mountains. The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test coupled with Sen’s slope was applied to identify the significant long-term climatic trends, as well as the magnitude of those trends. Mainly increasing trends in the investigated variable were found.

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Seasonal Precipitation Trend Analysis in Climatic Stations in the Eastern Slovakia
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The weather in Slovakia changes a lot by the influence of dry continental air from the west and the humid ocean air from the north. The Eastern Slovakia lowland is the warmest and the driest region of eastern Slovakia with an annual average temperature around 8°C and precipitation around 600 mm. The coldest places are mountainous area – the High Tatras in the north of eastern Slovakia with the average temperature of -3°C and with precipitation over 2000 mm. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall statistic test was applied to detect trends and to assess the significance of the trends in the time series. The significance of trends in 53 years precipitation and temperature time series was assessed. The application of trend detection in eastern Slovakia has resulted in the identification of a few increasing significant trends in precipitation but clear increasing significant trends in temperature data. As expected, trends show large variability in magnitude and direction of trend from one stat...

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In this paper, the results of trend analysis applied to precipitation and temperature monthly data for the period from 1962 to 2014 is presented for the hydrological year (from November to October) in sixteen climatic stations in Eastern Slovakia. The topography of this part of the country is very diverse and it affects the climate. The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test coupled with Sen's slope was applied to identify the significant long-term climatic trends, as well as the magnitude of those trends. According to the present study, all climatic stations in Eastern Slovakia show a positive trend in temperature during the year and almost all of them show a significant positive annual trend in temperature. Seasonal and monthly trend analyses produced the same results. Trends in temperature are always positive during winter and spring. Trends in precipitation are also mostly positive during winter and spring, although some negative trends were also found during these seasons. The spatial distribution of precipitation and temperature trends was modelled in ArcGIS using geostatistical analysis. Abrupt positive trend shifts in annual precipitation and temperature time series were also investigated. An abrupt shift in precipitation at the highest climatic station, Lomnický peak, began around 1985 (+). Abrupt shifts in temperature began around 1970 (+) at the presented climatic stations. The extremity of the climate is confirmed by an analysis of the trends in wet and dry spells. Trends showed increasing tendencies in medium-and long-term wet spells.

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Global climate change also influences the forest damaging agents occurrence and thus a forest health. Forest trees that are damaged by agents are in managed forests processed by salvage felling. The amount of an annual salvage felling represents the occurrence of a damaging agents occurrence in a certain year. In 2015, the area of forests in Slovakia reached 2.014 mil. ha. Within the 20 years (from 1998 to 2017), the total felling reached 162.52 mil. m3, out of this 47.99 % were ascribed to a salvage felling. Abiotic agents were the most damaging agents (42.28 mil. m3 of damaged wood), out of it a wind was the most important one. Biotic damaging agents were the second important group (32.165 mil. m3), whereas bark beetles on spruce were the most important. The third group and the less damaging one was anthropogenic agents group (3.555 mil. m3) with an air pollution as the most important damaging agent. There was no statistically significant difference in the volume of processed tree...

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