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Title
Abstract
Figures
Introduction
How Plausible is the Motherese Hypothesis?
R7. Suggestions for Future Research
R8. Conclusion
References
All Topics
Psychology
Cognitive Science

Which came first: Infants learning language or motherese?

Profile image of Stuart ShankerStuart ShankerProfile image of Barbara DavisBarbara DavisProfile image of Heather BortfeldHeather Bortfeld

2004, Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Abstract
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AI

The paper explores the dynamics of mother-infant interactions in the context of language acquisition, comparing these interactions in both humans and chimpanzees. It highlights the evolutionary adaptations of maternal behaviors in response to changing environmental pressures and how these adaptations may have influenced the development of vocalizations utilized in early communication. Additionally, the responses to the target article by various commentators underscore the reciprocal nature of communication, emphasizing the role of infants in this evolutionary process.

Figures (16)
Figure 1 (Wilcox). First route from gesture to language.
Figure 1 (Wilcox). First route from gesture to language.
Figure 2 (Wilcox). Second route from gesture to language.
Figure 2 (Wilcox). Second route from gesture to language.

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Any account of "what is special about the human brain" (Passingham 2008) must specify the neural basis of our unique ability to produce speech and delineate how these remarkable motor capabilities could have emerged in our hominin ancestors. Clinical data suggest that the basal ganglia provide a platform for the integration of primate-general mechanisms of acoustic communication with the faculty of articulate speech in humans. Furthermore, neurobiological and paleoanthropological data point at a two-stage model of the phylogenetic evolution of this crucial prerequisite of spoken language: (i) monosynaptic refinement of the projections of motor cortex to the brainstem nuclei that steer laryngeal muscles, presumably, as part of a "phylogenetic trend" associated with increasing brain size during hominin evolution; (ii) subsequent vocal-laryngeal elaboration of cortico-basal ganglia circuitries, driven by human-specific FOXP2 mutations. This concept implies vocal continuity of spoken language evolution at the motor level, elucidating the deep entrenchment of articulate speech into a "nonverbal matrix" (Ingold 1994), which is not accounted for by gestural-origin theories. Moreover, it provides a solution to the question for the adaptive value of the "first word" (Bickerton 2009) since even the earliest and most simple verbal utterances must have increased the versatility of vocal displays afforded by the preceding elaboration of monosynaptic corticobulbar tracts, giving rise to enhanced social cooperation and prestige. At the ontogenetic level, the proposed model assumes age-dependent interactions between the basal ganglia and their cortical targets, similar to vocal learning in some songbirds. In this view, the emergence of articulate speech builds on the "renaissance" of an ancient organizational principle and, hence, may represent an example of "evolutionary tinkering" (Jacob 1977).

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