Perspective-Taking and its Foundation in Joint Attention
Abstract
AI
AI
This paper explores the development of perspective-taking in children, emphasizing the role of joint attention as a foundational element. It outlines a model that describes stages of perspective-taking beginning from 'level 0', where infants share attention, to more complex stages where children understand others' viewpoints and experiences. The authors argue for a nuanced understanding of these developmental stages, providing comparisons with existing models and highlighting significant factors in early cognitive engagement.
References (80)
- Astington,j. W., and Gopnik, A. (1991). Theoretical explanations ofchildren's understanding of the mind. BritishJoumal cifDevelopmental Psychology, 9, 7-31.
- Barresi, j., and Moore, C. (1993). Sharing a perspective precedes the understanding of that perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16,513-514.
- Bates, E., Camaioni, L., and Volterra, V. (1975). The acquisition of perforrnatives prior to speech. Merril-Palmer Quarterly, 21(3), 205-226.
- Birch, S. A. j., and Bloom, P. (2007). The curse of knowledge in reasoning about false beliefs. Psychological Science, 18(5), 382-386.
- Borke, H. (1975). Piaget's mountains revisited: Changes in the egocentric landscape. Develop- mental Psychology, 11,240--243.
- Brooks, R., and Meltzoff, A. N. (2002). The importance of eyes: How infants interpret adult looking behavior. Developmental Psychology, 38(6), 958-966.
- Bruner,]. (1983). Child's talk: Learning to use language. New York: Norton.
- Bruner,). (1995). From joint attention to the meeting of minds: An introduction. In C. Moore and P.). Dunham (eds.), joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 1-14). Hillsdale, N]: Erlbaum.
- Buber, M. (1958). I and thou (R. G. Smith, trans.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
- Biihler, K. (1934): Sprachtheorie. Die Darstellung4imktion der Sprache. Jena: Fischer.
- Butterworth, G. (1983). Structure of the mind in human infancy. Advances in Infancy Research, (Vol. 2, pp. 1-29). Norwood, N]: Ablex.
- Butterworth, G. (1991). The ontogeny and phylogeny ofjoint visual attention. In A. Whiten (ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development, and simulation of everyday mindreading (pp. 223-232). Oxford: Blackwell.
- Caron, A.]., Kiel, E.)., Dayton, M., and Buder, S. C. (2002). Comprehension of the referential intent oflooking and pointing between 12 and 15 months. journal of Cognition and Develop- ment, 3(4), 445-464.
- Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., and Tomasello, M. (1998). Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monographs ofthe Sodety for Research in Child Development, 63 (4, Serial No. 255).
- D'Entremont, B., Hains, S. M.J., and Muir, D. W. (1997). A demonstration ofgaze following in 3-to 6-month-olds. Infant Behavior and Development, 20(4), 569-572.
- Deak, G. 0., Flom, R. A., and Pick, A. D. (2000). Effects of gesture and target on 12-and 18-month-olds' joint visual attention to objects in front of or behind them. Developmental Psychology, 36(4), 511-523.
- Doherty, M., and Pemer,]. (1998). Metalinguistic awareness and theory ofmind: Just two words for the same thing? Cognitive Development, 13,279-305.
- Doherty, M.]., and Wimmer, M. C. (2005). Children's understanding of ambiguous figures: Which cognitive developmentS are necessary to experience reversal? Cognitive Development, 20, 407-421.
- Eilan, N., Hoerl, c., McCormack, T., andRoessler,). (eds.) (2005). joint attention: Communica- tion and other minds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Epley, N., Morewedge, C. K., and Keysar, B. (2004). Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction. journal ofExperimental Sodal Psychology, 40, 76()-768.
- Flavell,].
- H. (1978). The development of knowledge about visual perception. In C. B. Keasey (ed.), The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 25. Sodal cognitive development (pp. 43-76). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
- Flavell,].
- H. (1992). Perspectives on perspective taking. In H. Beilin and P. B. Pufall (eds.) The jean Piaget symposium series. Vol. 14: Piaget's theory: prospects and possibilities (pp. 107-139). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Flavell,)
- H., Everett, B. A., Croft, K., and Flavell, E. R. (1981). Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Further evidence for the level l-level 2 distinction. Developmental Psychowgy, 17,99-103.
- Flavell,)
- H., Flavell, E. R., Green, F. L., and Wilcox, S. A. (1980). Young children's knowledge about visual perception. Effect ofobserver's distance from target on perceptual clarity oftarget. Developmental Psychology, 16, 10-12.
- Flavell,)
- H., Shipstead, S. G., and Croft, K. (1978). Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Hiding objects from others. Child Development, 49, 1208-1211.
- Floor, P., and Akhtar, N. (2006). Can 18-month-old infants learn words by listening in on conversations? Injancy, 9, 327-339.
- Franco, F., and Butterworth, G. (1996). Pointing and social awareness: Declaring and requesting in the second year. journal of Child Language, 23, 307-336.
- Gopnik, A., Slaughter, V., and Meltzoff, A. N. (1994). Changing your views: How understand- ing visual perception can lead to a new theory ofthe mind. In C. Lewis, and P. Mitchell (eds.), Children's early understanding of mind: Origins and development (pp. 157-181). Hillsdale, NJ: Edbaum. Heal, ). (2005). Joint attention and understanding the mind. In N. Eilan, C. Hoed, T. McCormack, and). Roessler (eds.),joint attention: Communication and other minds (34-44). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hobson, P. (2005). What puts the jointness into joint attention? In N. Eilan, C. Hoed, T. McCormack, and ). Roessler (eds.), joint attention: Communication and other minds (185-204). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kaminski,)., Riedel,)., Call,)., and Tomasello, M. (2005). Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task. Animal Behaviour, 69(1), 11-18.
- Keysar, B., Lin, S., and Barr, D.). (2003). Limits on theory of mind use in adults. Cognition, 89, 25-41.
- Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Henning, A., Striano, T., and Tomasello, M. (2004). Twelve- month-olds point to share attention and interest. Developmental Science, 7(3), 297-307.
- Luo, Y., and Baillargeon, R. (2007). Do 12.5-month-old infants consider what objects others can see when interpreting their actions? Cognition, 105,489-512.
- Martin,)., Sokol, B. W., and Elfers, T. (2008). Taking and coordinating perspectives: From prereflective interactivity, through reflective intersubjectivity, to metareflective sociality. Human Development, 51, 294-317.
- Masangkay, Z. S., McCluskey, K. A., McIntyre, C. W., Sims-Knight, J., Vaughn, B. E., and Flavell,). H. (1974). The eady development of inferences about the visual percepts of others. Child Development, 45, 357-366.
- McGuigan, N., and Doherty, M.). (2002). The relation between hiding skill and judgment of eye direction in preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 38(3), 418-427.
- Meltzoff, A. N., and Brooks, R. (2008). Self-experience as a mechanism for learning about others: a training study in social cognition. Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1257-1265.
- Moll, H., Carpenter, M., and Tomasello, M. (2007). Fourteen-month-olds know what others experience only in joint engagement. Developmental Science, 10(6),826-835.
- Moll, H., Carpenter, M., and Tomasello, M. (2010). Social engagement leads 2-year-olds to overestimate others. Infancy, no. doi: 10.11l1j.1532-7078.210.00044.x.
- Moll, H., Koring, c., Carpenter, M., and Tomasello, M. (2006). Infants determine others' focus of attention by pragmatics and exclusion. journal ofCognition and Development, 7(3), 411-430.
- Moll, H., and Meltzoff, A. N. (2011). How does it look? Level 2 perspective-taking at 36 months of age. Child Development, 82(2).
- Moll, H., Richter, N., Carpenter, M., and Tomasello, M. (2008). Fourteen-month-olds know what "we" have shared in a special way. Infancy, 13(1),90-101.
- Moll, H., and Tomasello, M. (2004). 12-and 18-month-old infants follow gaze to spaces behind barriers. Developmental Science, 7(1), F1-F9.
- Moll, H., and Tomasello, M. (2006). Level 1 perspective-taking at 24 months of age. British Journal ofDevelopmental Psychology, 24, 603-613.
- Moll, H., and Tomasello, M. (2007a). Cooperation and human cognition: The Vygotskian intelligence hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society B, 362(1480), 639-648.
- Moll, H., and Tomasello, M. (2007b). How 14-and 18-month-olds know what others have experienced. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 309-317.
- Moore, c., and Corkum, V. (1994). Social understanding at the end of the first year of life. Developmental Review, 14,349-372.
- O'Neill, D. K. (1996). Two-year-old children's sensitivity to a parent's knowledge state when making requests. Child Development, 67, 659-677.
- Pack, A. A., and Herman, L. M. (2004). Botdenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referent of both static and dynamic human gazing and pointing in an object-choice task. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 118, 160-171.
- Perner,j. (2000). RUM, PUM, and the perspectival relativity ofsortals. Inj. W. Astington (ed.), Minds in the making: Ess..-ys in honour ofDavid R Olson (pp. 212-232). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
- Perner,j., Brandl,j. L., and Garnham, A. (2003). What is a perspective problem? Developmental issues in belief ascription and dual identity. Facta Philosophica, 5, 355-378.
- Perner,j., Stumrner, S., Sprung, M., and Doherty, M. (2002). Theory ofmind finds its Piagetian perspective: Why alternative naming comes with understanding belie£ Cognitive Development, 17,1451-1472.
- Piaget, j., and Inhelder, B. (1956). The child's conception ofspace. London: Routledge.
- Pillow, B. H., and Flavell, j. H. (1986). Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Projective size and shape. Child Development, 57(1), 125-135.
- Racine, T. P., Leavens, D. A., Susswein, N., and Wereha, T. j. (2008). Conceptual and methodological issuses in the investigation of primate intersubjectivity. In F. Morganti, A. Carassa, and G. Riva (eds.), Enacting intersubjectivity: A cognitive and social perspective to the study of interactions (pp. 65-79). Amsterdam: lOS Press.
- Rakoczy, H., Wameken, F., and Tomasello, M. (2007). "This way!", "No! That way!"- 3-year-olds know that two people can have mutually incompatible desires. Cognitive Develop- ment, 22, 47-68.
- Repacholi, B. M., and Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). Emotional eavesdropping: Infants selectively respond to indirect emotional signals. Child Development, 78, 503-521.
- Repacholi, B. M., Meltzoff, A. N., and Olsen, B. (2008). Infants' understanding of the link between visual perception and emotion: "If she can't see me doing it, she won't get angry." Developmental Psychology, 44, 561-574.
- Scaife, M., and Bruner, j. S. (1975). The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Nature, 253, 265-266.
- ScWoegl, c., Kotrschal, K., and Bugnyar, T. (2007). Gaze following in common ravens, Corvus corax: Ontogeny and habituation. Animal Behaviour, 74, 769-778.
- Searle, j. R. (1992). The rediscovery ofthe mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- HENRIKE MOLL AND ANDREW N. MELTZOFF
- Seemann, A. (2007). Joint attention, collective knowledge, and the "we" perspective. Social Epistemology, 21 (3), 217-230.
- Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analyses. New York: Academic Press.
- Sodian, B., Thoermer, c., and Metz, U. (2007). Now I see it but you don't: 14-month-olds can represent another person's visual perspective. Developmental Science, 10(2), 199-204.
- Southgate, V., Senju, A., and Csibra, G. (2007). Action anticipation through attribution offalse belief by two-year-olds. Psychological Science, 18, 587-592.
- Stekeler-Weithofer, P. (2005). Philosophie des Selbstbewuj3tseins: Hegels System als Forrnanalyse von vVissen tmd Autonomie. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
- Tomasello, M. (2006). Why don't apes point? In N. Enfield and S. C. Levinson (eds.), Roots of human sociality: Culture, cognition, and interaction (pp. 506-524). Oxford: Berg.
- Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call,)., Behne, T., and Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins ofcultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675-735.
- Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., and Liszkowski, U. (2007). A new look at infant pointing. Child Development, 78(3), 705-722.
- Tomasello, M., and Haberl, K. (2003). Understanding attention: 12-and 18-month-olds know what is new for other persons. Developmental Psychology, 39, 906-912.
- Tomasello, M., Hare, B., and Agnetta, B. (1999). Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically. Animal Behaviour, 769-777.
- Wanska, S. (1984). The relationship ofspatial concept development to the acquisition oflocative understanding. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 145, 11-21.
- Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., and Watson,). (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind develop- ment: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655-684.
- Wimmer, H., Hogrefe, G.]., Perner, J. (1988). Children's understanding of informational access as a source of knowledge. Child Development, 59, 386-396.