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Solar powered UPS

Profile image of Dr. Nadeem EhsanDr. Nadeem Ehsan

2012, Procedia Technology

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROTCY.2012.02.047
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8 pages

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Abstract

This paper provides the research and development of a solar powered UPS in Pakistan's market to meet the alternate energy source requirements of homes and small offices. It includes the design, analysis, research methodology used and the findings of the market study during the research. The design of the solar UPS includes a specially designed inverter circuit and a solar panel. The inverter circuit has been designed according to the requirements and specifications of solar panel. Many sample circuits have been studied to optimize the existing circuit. Assistance has also been taken from design engineers of existing UPSs in the market to see possible alternatives in case of any components' failure or unavailability. The paper provides study of possibilities of design and functionality of a solar powered UPS. It suggests that solar UPS can be a highly efficient and successful alternative to electrical UPSs in the market. There are two main components in the design: An outdoor solar panel comprising of solar cells, which will convert solar energy into electrical energy and inverter circuit that will convert that energy into alternating current to be used for home appliances.

Figures (5)
As seen in Table I, though initial cost for petroleum and electrical UPS systems are low, still both have their specific disadvantages. For example, rising petroleum prices in Pakistan, domestic and commercial gas shortage noise and air pollution caused by generators, offline system (needs to be started automatically or manually as power failure occurs) and relatively lower efficiencies are the issues addressed for Petroleum Generators. Similarly. damage to expensive battery banks in frequent electric failures (due to incomplete charging/discharging cycles) and rising prices of grid electricity are some of the major concerns for the people using or considering electrical UPS. Since the solar technology has not been deployed on domestic level and there is energy shortage in the country, the market is in need for a reliable domestic solar UPS solution that can act as a backup in case of grid power failure. Pakistani environment is ideal for Solar UPS deployment. The sun shines bright throughout the year. Global solat radiation estimates have been made for most parts of the world, and also for major cities of Pakistan which is essential for the optimum design of solar energy conversion systems [3]. We can make use of this inexhaustible resource and contribute towards meeting the shortfall of electricity. One of the biggest advantages of being high solar content country is the use of CPV (Concentrated Photovoltaic) in Pakistan. CPV at large scale has already been deployed and is helping to achieve efficiencies of above 40%. Low concentration CPV is produced from conventional silicon solar cell with no active cooling system or solar tracking requirements and hence is relatively cheaper. Another advantage of being in Pakistan is the already developed and mature industry of high efficiency Table 1. Domestic Electricity Alternatives (1kW output)
As seen in Table I, though initial cost for petroleum and electrical UPS systems are low, still both have their specific disadvantages. For example, rising petroleum prices in Pakistan, domestic and commercial gas shortage noise and air pollution caused by generators, offline system (needs to be started automatically or manually as power failure occurs) and relatively lower efficiencies are the issues addressed for Petroleum Generators. Similarly. damage to expensive battery banks in frequent electric failures (due to incomplete charging/discharging cycles) and rising prices of grid electricity are some of the major concerns for the people using or considering electrical UPS. Since the solar technology has not been deployed on domestic level and there is energy shortage in the country, the market is in need for a reliable domestic solar UPS solution that can act as a backup in case of grid power failure. Pakistani environment is ideal for Solar UPS deployment. The sun shines bright throughout the year. Global solat radiation estimates have been made for most parts of the world, and also for major cities of Pakistan which is essential for the optimum design of solar energy conversion systems [3]. We can make use of this inexhaustible resource and contribute towards meeting the shortfall of electricity. One of the biggest advantages of being high solar content country is the use of CPV (Concentrated Photovoltaic) in Pakistan. CPV at large scale has already been deployed and is helping to achieve efficiencies of above 40%. Low concentration CPV is produced from conventional silicon solar cell with no active cooling system or solar tracking requirements and hence is relatively cheaper. Another advantage of being in Pakistan is the already developed and mature industry of high efficiency Table 1. Domestic Electricity Alternatives (1kW output)
The system comprises of two outdoor solar panels SunTech Power STP270-24/Vb1 (540Watt) which cost US $1440 [5]. Locally manufactured mppt charge controller (efficiency 95%) and inverter (efficiency 90%) are available well under US $300. US $200 is required to purchase two 12V and 150AH Lead-Acid Batteries. US $150 is required for purchasing additional installation components and connectivity wires, shipping and other overhead charges.
The system comprises of two outdoor solar panels SunTech Power STP270-24/Vb1 (540Watt) which cost US $1440 [5]. Locally manufactured mppt charge controller (efficiency 95%) and inverter (efficiency 90%) are available well under US $300. US $200 is required to purchase two 12V and 150AH Lead-Acid Batteries. US $150 is required for purchasing additional installation components and connectivity wires, shipping and other overhead charges.
As shown in Table 2, the exceptional scenario is short sunshine day in monsoon (August) where Power Available/day is 1.67KWh/day. Otherwise, the power available/day is equal to or greater than 2.48kWh/day which is sufficient to take the load of 800Watt households for three hours outage per day. In exceptional scenarios(e.g. heavy forecast and long outages), when batteries are not fully chargeable by solar panels, dual input charge controller can be used to charge the batteries, which gives priority to solar power when sun is shining and charges the batteries from grid power in case of solar power cut-off. Table 2. Analysis of power produced by Solar UPS round the year in Hyderabad Pakistan
As shown in Table 2, the exceptional scenario is short sunshine day in monsoon (August) where Power Available/day is 1.67KWh/day. Otherwise, the power available/day is equal to or greater than 2.48kWh/day which is sufficient to take the load of 800Watt households for three hours outage per day. In exceptional scenarios(e.g. heavy forecast and long outages), when batteries are not fully chargeable by solar panels, dual input charge controller can be used to charge the batteries, which gives priority to solar power when sun is shining and charges the batteries from grid power in case of solar power cut-off. Table 2. Analysis of power produced by Solar UPS round the year in Hyderabad Pakistan
Fig. 2 Glass Substrate based First Solar’s CdTe-CdS Solar Panel [7] The only company that has managed to get closer to the grid parity grail is “First Solar” which has recently brought technological innovation in its product by building the solar cells on glass substrate with CdS-CdTe thin film technology and scaling up the light-catching area from the size of a postage stamp to almost the size of a traffic-sign. Here, the active element is 1% of the thickness of conventional silicon technology and production of panel takes 150 minutes, the time required in silicon equivalents is almost one tenth. These are the reasons that First Solar is being able to sell all the cells it is making and has increased the size of its production facilities resulting in production capacity of over |Gigawatt by end of 2009 [7]. Fig 2 shows CdTe-CdS based solar panel by First Solar. Today’s CdTe modules manufactured by First Solar have 16% efficiency and 1.14$/Watt manufacturing cost. It is not just enough for the First Solar to match the grid generation costs as First Solar also needs to keep an economic edge over several other PV manufacturing companies. Since 1950s, when it was commercially launched, conventional silicon technology has dominated the entire market and it still has some kick left. In short term
Fig. 2 Glass Substrate based First Solar’s CdTe-CdS Solar Panel [7] The only company that has managed to get closer to the grid parity grail is “First Solar” which has recently brought technological innovation in its product by building the solar cells on glass substrate with CdS-CdTe thin film technology and scaling up the light-catching area from the size of a postage stamp to almost the size of a traffic-sign. Here, the active element is 1% of the thickness of conventional silicon technology and production of panel takes 150 minutes, the time required in silicon equivalents is almost one tenth. These are the reasons that First Solar is being able to sell all the cells it is making and has increased the size of its production facilities resulting in production capacity of over |Gigawatt by end of 2009 [7]. Fig 2 shows CdTe-CdS based solar panel by First Solar. Today’s CdTe modules manufactured by First Solar have 16% efficiency and 1.14$/Watt manufacturing cost. It is not just enough for the First Solar to match the grid generation costs as First Solar also needs to keep an economic edge over several other PV manufacturing companies. Since 1950s, when it was commercially launched, conventional silicon technology has dominated the entire market and it still has some kick left. In short term

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