julius operating system.pdf
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Abstract
Dispatch latency is the time takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running. Interrupt is an event that alters the sequence in which the processor executes instructions. Protection refers to mechanism that control the access of programs or users to the both system and resources Deadlock state: A set of processes is in a deadlock state when every process in the set is waiting for an event that can be caused only by another process in the set. Safe state: A state is safe if the system can allocate resources to each process (up to its maximum) in some order and still avoid a deadlock. Resource allocation state: It is defined as the number of available and allocated resources and the maximum demands of the processes. Q2: Why are the programs and data not resided in main memory permanently? Answer There are two reasons:
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PRINCIPLES OF Operating Systems by Naresh Chauhan(OXFORD)
Technology Reports of Kansai University(ISSN: 04532198), 2020
The importance of process monitoring applications continues to grow. Generally, many of the developments in process monitoring are being driven by access to more and more data. Process monitoring is important to understand the variation in a process and to assess its current state. Process monitoring and controlling an organization is of high importance for all process management initiatives. The parallel execution of numerous threads can perform significant increases in performance and overall efficiency in the computer systems. In many computer systems, numerous performance counters are available. For example, performance counters may provide a count of the number of threads executing at a given time. This paper presented an overview of the main research works in the field of the process and thread controlling and monitoring related to physical memory to measure the performance of the operating system. The main finding is that developing strategies needed to make it easy to deal with the monitoring of a large number of data. Furthermore, the used strategies produced improvements of up to 25% and achieved very good results. Besides, the performance of applications with process control executed much faster than without.
Fundamental concepts are introduced in simple terms. • The associations between techniques and concepts are readily established. • Numerous examples are included to illustrate concepts and techniques. • Implementation details and case studies are organized as small capsules spread throughout the text. xvi Preface xvii • Optional sections are devoted to advanced topics such as deadlock characterization, kernel memory allocation, synchronization and scheduling in multiprocessor systems, file sharing semantics, and file system reliability. The key benefit of this approach is that concepts, techniques, and case studies are well integrated, so many design and implementation details look "obvious" by the time the reader encounters them. It emphasizes the most important message an operating systems text can give to students: A concept-based study of operating systems equips a computer professional to comprehend diverse operating system techniques readily. • Preview of the Book The last section of the first chapter is a brief preview of the book that motivates study of each chapter by describing its importance within the overall scheme of the operating system, the topics covered in the chapter, and its relationships with other chapters of the book. xviii Preface and Windows, respectively, except when features of a specific version such as Linux 2.6 or Windows Vista are being discussed. Tests of Concepts A set of objective and multiple-choice questions is provided at the end of each chapter so that the reader can test his grasp of concepts presented in the chapter. Exercises Exercises are included at the end of each chapter. These include numerical problems based on material covered in the text, as well as challenging conceptual questions that test understanding and also provide deeper insights.
ICS 2202 Operating Systems I (for I.T. class, 1 st Year 2nd Sem) Evolution of Operating System. Types of Operating Systems. Desirable characteristics of modern operating systems; Functions of Operating systems: Multiprogramming, resource allocation and management and their implementation, supervisory services, memory management and data management services. Process Management: process and program concepts, Process coordination and synchronization, process Scheduling, inter process communication, real-time clock management. Deadlock: Deadlock condition, causes of deadlocks, detection and prevention of deadlock: Memory Management; types of memory, objectives of memory management, memory allocation schemes, virtual, File management; objectives of file management, File concept, types of files, file organization, file system, file access, directories. I/O allocation; device drivers WEEK TOPIC 1 Overview and Introduction to Operating System and Types of Operating systems 2 Desirable characteristics of Operating systems 3 Functions of Operating systems 4 Multiprogramming, resource allocation and management, supervisory services 5 Process management and program concepts 6 Process coordination and synchronization/CAT1 7 Process scheduling and interprocess communication 8 Real time Clock management 9 Deadlock management/ CAT II 10 Memory management, types of memory and objectives of memory management 11 Memory allocation schemes 12 Device management , 13 File management, file concepts 14 File systems and file access 15 File directories, I/O allocation and device drivers 16 Revision Examination Examination Examination READINGS 1. Operating systems, 2nd edition, Colin Ritchie 2. Operating system, J.Archer Harris, Schaum's Outlines 3. Teach yourself computers, the Internet and Windows '98. Readers digest edition 4. Operating systems, Internals and Design Principles, Fourth edition, William Stallings 5. INTERNET Modern Operating systems generally have following three major goals.Operating systems generally accomplish these goals by running processes in low privilege and providing service calls that invoke the operating system kernel in high-privilege state. An abstraction is software that hides lower level details and provides a set of higher-level functions. An operating system transforms the physical world of devices, instructions, memory, and time into virtual world that is the result of abstractions built by the operating system. There are several reasons for abstraction. First, the code needed to control peripheral devices is not standardized. Operating systems provide subroutines called device drivers that perform operations on behalf of programs for example, input/output operations. Second, the operating system introduces new functions as it abstracts the hardware. For instance, operating system introduces the file abstraction so that programs do not have to deal with disks. Third, the operating system transforms the computer hardware into multiple virtual computers, each belonging to a different program. Each program that is running is called a process. Each process views the hardware through the lens of abstraction. Fourth, the operating system can enforce security through abstraction. To allocate resources to processes (Manage resources) An operating system controls how processes (the active agents) may access resources (passive entities). The user interacts with the operating systems through the user interface and usually interested in the "look and feel" of the operating system. The most important components of the user interface are the command interpreter, the file system, on-line help, and application integration. The recent trend has been toward increasingly integrated 6 graphical user interfaces that encompass the activities of multiple processes on networks of computers. The purpose of a computer system is to allow the user to execute programs. So the operating system provide an environment where the user can conveniently run programs. The user does not have to worry about the memory allocation or multitasking or anything. These things are taken care of by the operating systems. Running a program involves the allocating and deallocating memory, CPU scheduling in case of multiprocess. These functions cannot be given to the user-level programs. So user-level programs cannot help the user to run programs independently without the help from operating systems. I/O Operations Each program requires an input and produces output. This involves the use of I/O. The operating systems hides the user the details of underlying hardware for the I/O. All the user sees is that the I/O has been performed without any details. So the operating systems by providing I/O makes it convenient for the users to run programs. For efficiently and protection users cannot control I/O so this service cannot be provided by user-level programs.
1983
During the last years the number of Electrical Control Units (ECU) in vehicles have increased rapidly with the effect of increasing costs. To meet this trend and reduce costs, applications have to be centralized into more powerful ECUs. This gives rise to new problems such as data and temporal integrity. The thesis gives an introduction to these new problems and a solution based on static time-triggered scheduling combined with memory protection. Memory protection mechanisms and hardware are evaluated, resulting in the recommendation of a platform. The thesis also propose modification and extensions to a real-time operating system used today within the Volvo Group. The work has been conducted at Volvo Technology (VTEC) in Gothenburg. VTEC is a combined research and consulting company within the Volvo Group
Introduction to Operating System, 2020
A computer system has many resources (hardware and software), which may be require to complete a task. The commonly required resources are input/output devices, memory, file storage space, CPU etc. The operating system acts as a manager of the above resources and allocates them to specific programs and users, whenever necessary to perform a particular task. Therefore operating system is the resource manager i.e. it can manage the resource of a computer system internally. The resources are processor, memory, files, and I/O devices. An operating system is the interface between the user and the machine. Before there were operating systems, people only used computers using analog signals and digital signals. Along with the development of knowledge and technology, at this time there are various operating systems with their respective advantages.
Over the past several years, a number of trends affecting operating system design are witnessed and foremost among them is a move towards modularity. Operating systems such as Microsofts Windows, IBMs OS/2, C-DACs PARAS and others are splintered into discrete components, each having a small, well defined interface, and each communicating with others via inter-task message interface. The lowest level is the microkernel, which provides only essential OS services, such as context switching. Windows NT, for example, also includes a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) beneath its microkernel which enables the rest of the OS to perform irrespective of the processor underneath. This high level of OS portability is a primary driving force behind the modular, microkernel-based push.
Operating Systems have been one of the most intricate piece of softwares since they came into existence. Due to recent advancements in technology, the OSes too, have become extremely powerful. From responding within few milliseconds to parallelly computing many things in the background, it becomes difficult to understand how it works inside. Microsoft Windows handles programs differently than other operating systems. The reasons for which are discussed in this text. Analyzing of process structure and its management inside CPU and Kernel with the help of Windows, is the core matter. Components, types, process table, u-area and context are explained in detail.

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