Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
Results and Discussion Effect on Plant Height
Study Site
Experimental Design
Data Recording Techniques
Experimental Site Animals
Data Measurement
Discussions
Experimental Site and Animal Selection
Chemical Analysis
Experimental Diets
Value Chain Analysis of Kiwi Fruit Farming in
Marketing Margin and Gross Margin Analysis
Value Chain Analysis of Kiwi Fruit
Designing of Questionnaire
Sample Size and Data Collection Procedure
Recommendation
Experimental Conditions
Results
Value Chain Analysis of Vegetable Seeds in
Results and Duscussion
Value Chain Analysis of Vegetable Seeds
Swot Analysis of Vegetable Seeds Value Chain
Conclusion and Recommendations
Profitability Analysis
Analysis of Factor Share to Total Output
Acknowledgement
Research Methodology Description of the Study Area
Results and Discussions
Material and Methods
Results of Qualitative Phytochemical Screening
Materials and Method
Study Site and Experimental Design
Data Analysis
Data Collection and Analysis
Results and Discussion
Materials and Methods
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
Methodology
Conclusions
References
All Topics
Agriculture
Soil Science

NJAS

Profile image of Binayak P . RajbhandariBinayak P . Rajbhandari

2021, Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences

https://doi.org/10.3126/NJST.V13I2.7706
visibility

…

description

193 pages

link

1 file

Abstract

Collection of peer-reviewed original scientific papers in agriculture and allied subjects.

Related papers

Agricultural Information Worldwide, vol. 7, 2015
Valrie Minson

2015

e University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), in order to meet U.S. federal funding requirements and to showcase the rich publication assets of a vibrant agricultural research community, requires researching faculty to annually report their refereed articles. ese publication lists, as well as additional research and extension accomplishments, are submitted annually to U.S. National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) under the AREERA Act -Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998. For many years, faculty reported publications and other efforts using a home-grown reporting system, but switched in 2008 to the use of the bibliographic management soware EndNote Web, included in the Library's subscription to the omson Reuters' Web of Science database. Moving to EndNote Web re-moved the financial burden of continued soware development while maintaining a comparable workflow that placed limited burden on faculty. IFAS, in the first year working with the new system, utilized an existing IFAS Information Technologist for instruction and one-on-one support to the more than six hundred publishing faculty located in twenty eight units. Aer the initial year, IFAS administrators felt the required level of support was too great and approached the George A. Smathers' Marston Science Library to assist with annual faculty publication reporting. In the fall of 2009, IFAS and the Libraries established a Memorandum of Understanding (Appendix) to establish the terms of the support and began several years of a successful and reciprocally-beneficial support relationship. e Libraries have provided the support from 2009 until this last year and have gathered approximately one thousand or more citations for each reporting year. e acquisition of a Editor's Note: is paper was originally presented at Emerging Priorities for Scientific and Agricultural Information,

View PDFchevron_right
International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences
Workissa Yali, Gizachew Delilo

International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 2018

A study was conducted on twenty Rift-valley sheep (RVS) of 15.1 2.1kg initial body weight to evaluate comparative dietary effect and partial-budget-analyses of urea treated maize stover (UTMS) and grass-hay (GH) basal diets alone or with concentrate mix (CM= 67% wheat-bran: 33% noun-seed cake) on Performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were GH+300gm CM, GH alone, UTMS+300g CM and UTMS alone as T1, T2, T3 & T4, respectively. Digestibility-trial and carcass evaluation carried-out at the end of feeding-trial. Urea-treatment improved CP by 47% from 4.8-9.11%. Supplementation improved TDMI (908, 607, 883 & 571-gm/day (SEM=11.0)) and CP (132,60,124 &51gm/day (SEM=2.4) for T1, T2, T3 & T4, respectively. Apparent DCP was in order of T3>T1>T4>T2 (74,73,48&45%). ADG was 98,8,103 & 8gm/day (SEM=6.1) and hot carcass weight (HCW) was 12.3,7.0,12.7 & 7.6 kg (SEM=0.68) for T1,T2,T3,&T4, respectively. Both ADG and HCW followed similar-trend like DMI and were greater(P<0.001) for the supplemented treatments. Net return was greater-for groups supplemented. Marginal-rate of return for treatments supplemented were comparable. Generally, in all performance and partial-budget analysesparameters, results were similar between the two supplemented groups & non-supplemented-treatments. This suggested that UTMS can equally replace grass hay whether fed alone or with a supplement.

View PDFchevron_right
International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research
Rogers Kakuhenzire

2017

Seed accounts for a significant proportion of potato production cost and its quality cannot be compromised for profitable potato production. Potato is conventionally vegetatively propagated, has a low multiplication rate and requires many generations to bulk the requisite seed quantity often in open fields. During seed bulking, the crop is prone to degeneration leading to successive loss in yield as a result of viral, bacterial and fungal infections. To reduce this, there should be few open field seed bulking generations before the stock is used for ware potato production. Rapid bulking of seed potato has not been possible due to its inherent low multiplication rate. However, this can be partly overcome by tissue culture, micro-propagation and deployment of novel technologies such as aeroponics to produce mini-tubers. Consequently, aeroponic technology for rapid production of nuclear seed was tested in Uganda for adaption in different seasons and with different varieties to produce ...

View PDFchevron_right
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (JABE
Kazeem OLALEKAN, A. Solomon Adeyeye

The growth, yield and seed qualities of solanum macrocarpon in respond to NPK fertilizer was investigated. The fertilizer treatments were: (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 kg/ha) of NPK 15, 15, 15.The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The data collected were: plant height, leaf area, number of leaves and off shoot per plant and seed parameters which are: fruit size, ripening stages. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used at 5% level of probability to separate the means. Fertilizer applications had significant effect on the vegetative parameters taken and 400kg/ha of NPK produced plants that are better than other treatments, which is not significantly different from application of 300kg/ha fertilizer .Fruit size and ripening stages have significant effects on solanum macrocarpon seed qualities. The harvesting of fruits at half and full ripe stages produced seeds with similar qualities while the fruits from deep and breaker stage ripening produced significantly lower seed qualities. The biggest fruits produced seeds with the best qualities. It is therefore concluded that 300kg/ha NPK is optimum for the production of solanum microcarpon and half ripening stages of fruits with 5cm diameter produced best seed qualities. Key Words: solanum microcarpon ,NPK fertilizer ,Fruits Qualities.

View PDFchevron_right
Agricultural Research Abstracts: 11th Annual International Symposium
Gregory T Papanikos

2018

This book includes the abstracts of all the papers presented at the 11th Annual International Symposium on Agricultural Research (16-19 July 2018), organized by the Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER).

View PDFchevron_right
Research & Reviews: Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences
Sameh M . M . El-Sawy, Zakaria Abdalla

Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 2018

Glycine betaine (GB) is a small organic molecule [12] , which accumulates in plants under environmental stresses (drought

View PDFchevron_right
Agricultural Research Abstracts: 12th Annual International Symposium
Gregory T Papanikos

2019

This book includes the abstracts of all the papers presented at the 12th Annual International Symposium on Agricultural Research (15-18 July 2019), organized by the Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER).

View PDFchevron_right
International Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences- ISSN (2522-6584) Sep & Oct 2019
Ijoabs An Open Access Journal, Niken Pujirahayu

2019

Eha (Cartanopsis Buruana Miq) is one of the many species scattered in the forest of Southeast Sulawesi, which until now has been not much exploited by a community. This research is aimed at optimizing the use of Eha (Cartanopsis buruana Miq) based on anatomical structure and dimension of fibers. This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Forestry Department, Faculty of Haluoleo University. This research methodology is a nested experimental design (variation vertical position) with four repetitions. Observed variables in the study include a vessel (diameter, number of the vessel, contents of cells and perforation field), the rays (height, width, number cell rays, and the cell types), fiber (length, lumen diameter, and fiber thickness). The results showed that Eha (Cartanopsis buruana Miq) has incredible small vessel diameter (1.73 µm), the number of a vessel is rather sparse (5.85 per mm 2) in radial section. The wood vessels are solitary, the perforation field type is medium/ simple, and there is no tylosis. Rays of height average are outstanding short (302.222 µm). The average width of the rays, including the width (136.042 µm), the number of rays per mm is quite significant (8.817). Fiber dimensional quality of Eha (Cartanopsis buruana Miq) is categorized into the third class in terms of the value of wood fiber as raw materials for pulp and paper. Therefore, Eha (Cartanopsis buruana Miq) is more suitable for the construction material of the house, bridge, plank, pole, as well as ribs and is good to be shingles.

View PDFchevron_right
Agricultural Research Abstracts: 10th Annual International Symposium
Gregory T Papanikos

2017

This book includes the abstracts of all the papers presented at the 10th Annual International Conference on Agricultural Research, 10-13 July 2017, organized by the Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER).

View PDFchevron_right
Agricultural Research Abstracts: 9th Annual International Symposium
Gregory T Papanikos

2016

This abstract book includes all the abstracts of the papers presented at the 9th Annual International Symposium on Agricultural Research, 11-14 July 2016, Athens, Greece, organized by the Athens Institute for Education and Research. In total, there were 39 papers and 44 presenters, coming from 23 different countries (Algeria, Australia, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Germany, Iran, Jordan, Mexico, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, USA). The conference was organized into ten sessions that included areas such as Environmental and Ecological Issues, Farming Techniques, Plant Growth and Crop Production, Water Pollution and Water Management, Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation and other related fields. As it is the publication policy of the Institute, the papers presented in this conference will be considered for publication in one of the books of ATINER.

View PDFchevron_right

References (291)

  1. Bhowmik SK, MAR Sarkar and F Zaman. (2012) Effect of spacing and number of seedlings per hill on the performance of aus rice cv. NERICA 1 under dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) system of cultivation. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10 (2): 191-195.
  2. Bozorgi, H R, A Faraji, R K Danesh, A Keshovarz, E Azarpour and F Tarighi. (2011) Effect of plant density on yield and yield components of rice. World applied Sci. J. 12 (11): 2053-2057.
  3. Chowdhury, M J U, AU Sarker, MAR Sarkar and MA Kashem. (1993) Effect of variety and number of seedlings hill-1 on the yield and its components of late transplant Aman rice. Bangladesh J. Agril. Sci. 20 (2): 311-316.
  4. FAO. (2016) Building statistical capacity for quality food security and nutrition information in support of better informed polices TCP/RAS/3409, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  5. Faruk MO, MA Rahman and MA Hasan. (2009) Effect of seedling age and number of seedling per hill on the yield contributing characters of BRRI Dhan 33. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 4 (1): 58-61
  6. Gomez KA and AA Gomez. (1984) Statistical Procedure of Agricultural Research. 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
  7. Islam MS, MM Akhter, MS Rahman, MB Banu and KM Khalequaazman. (2008) Effect of nitrogen and number of seedlings per hill on the yield and yield component of T. aman rice (BRRI Dhan 33). Int. J. Sustan. Crop prod. 3 (3): 61-65.
  8. Kim SS, BK Kim, MG Choi, MH Back, WY Choi and SY Lee. (1999) Effect of seedling age on growth and yield of machine transplanted rice in southern plain region. Korean J. of crop Sci. 44 (2): 122-128.
  9. MOAD. (2018) Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture. Government of Nepal Ministry of Agricultural Development Agri Business Promotion and Statistics Division. Agristatistics Section Singha Durbar, Kathmandu Nepal.
  10. Mobasser HR, DB Tari, M Vojdani and RS Abadi. (2007) Effect of seedling age and planting space on yield and yield components of rice (Neda variety). Asian journal of plant sciences 6 (2): 438-440.
  11. NARC. (2007) Research Highlights: 2002/03-2006/07. Communication, ublication and Documentation Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar. Lalitpur, Nepal.
  12. Rahimpour L, MS Daliri and AA Mousavi. (2013) Effect of seedling age on yield and yield component of rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Annals of Biological Research, 4 (2):72-76.
  13. Adhikari, Mehra, Haefele (2013). Impact of rice nursery, nutrient management, seedling density and seedling age on yield and yield attributes. American Journal of Plant Science. 4(12), 146-155
  14. Aklilu, E. (2020) Effect of Seed Rate and Row Spacing on Yield and Yield Components of Upland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Metema, West Gondar, Ethiopia. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 8(4), 112-125.
  15. Dahal, K. R., & Khadka, R. B. (2012). Performance of rice with varied age of seedlings and planting geometry under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in farmer's field in Western Terai, Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 13(2), 1-6. Online Website: https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7706
  16. Dongarwar U., N. Patke, L.N. Dongarwar and Sumedha R. Kashiwar (2018) Impact on different seed rates on yield and economics of direct seeded rice in Eastern Vidharbha zone of Maharashtra, India. International journal of current microbiology applied sciences. ISSN: 2319-7706 vol.7, 03
  17. FAOSTAT. (2016). Statistical data on agricultural production. Available at: www.fatostat.org.
  18. Gill, M. S., Kumar, P., & Kumar, A. (2006). Growth and yield of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by seeding technique and seed rate under irrigated conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 51(4), 283-287.
  19. Hobbs, P.R., Singh, Y., G.S., Lauren, J.G., & Duxbury, J.M. (2002). Direct seeding and reduced tillage options in the rice-wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia. By S. Pandey, M. Mortimer, L. Wade, TP Tuong, K. Lopez and B. Hardy. IRRI, Los Banos. Pp.201-215.
  20. Kumar, V. & Ladha, J. K. (2011) Direct seeding of Rice: recent Developments and Future Research Needs. Advances in agronomy 11, 297-413.
  21. Mahajan, G., Gill, M. S., & Singh, K. (2010) Optimizing seed rate to suppress weeds and to increase yield in aerobic direct-seeded rice in northwestern Indo-Gangetic plains. Journal of New Seeds, 11(3), 225-238. REFERENCES
  22. Al-Tulaihan, AA, H Najib and SM. Al-Eid (2004) The nutritional evaluation of locally produced dried bakery waste in the broiler diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 3 (5): 294-299
  23. Al-Ruqaie, IM, SA Swillam, HA Al-Batshan and TM Shafey (2011) Performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics and economic impact of broiler chickens fed extruded bakery waste. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Advances. 10(16): 2061-2066
  24. AOAC (2000) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Method of Analysis, 15th Ed. Collegiate Press, Washington DC, USA 4: 957
  25. Adeyemo, GO, OR Oni and OG Longe (2013) Effect of dietary biscuit waste on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. Food Science and Quality Management, 12: 2224-6088
  26. Ayarinde, OJ, AO Owosibo and AA Adeyemo (2014) Performance characteristics of broilers fed bread waste-based diets. International Journal of Modern Plant and Animal Science. 2(1): 1-11
  27. Barman K, MK Tamuli, D Sarma, S Banik, NH Mohan, R Thomas, PP Gokuldas and SR Pegu (2016). Effect of replacing maize with bakery waste on the performance of growing crossbred pigs. Journal of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 16 (1):165 -168
  28. Doll, H and B Koie (1975). Evaluation of high lysine maize mutants. In: Pollmer, WG, Phipps RH, eds. In breeding for seed protein improvement. 2 nd ed. Nigh off, the Hague, Pp 55-59
  29. Dietze, K (2011) Pigs for prosperity. Rural Infrastructure and Agro Industries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Pp 2-4
  30. Hornadez, H and LS Bates (1969). A modified method for rapid tryptophan analysis of maize. Res. Bull No. 13, CIMMYT
  31. Krishi Diary (2018) Agriculture Information and Communication Centre. Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and Cooperative, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal
  32. Kumar, A, B Roy, GP Lakhani and A Jain (2014) Evaluation of dried bread waste as feedstuff for growing crossbred pigs. Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-091
  33. NRC (2011) Annual Progress Report. National Research Centre on Pigs, ICAR, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, India, Pp 1-4
  34. Mavromichalis, I (2013) Formulating poultry and pig diets with bakery meal. News and Analysis on the Global Poultry and Animal Feed Industries. WATTAgNet.com
  35. Manu, F (2013) Nutrient composition, pest and microbial status and effect of discarded biscuits on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and economic profiles of growing-finishing pigs. Thesis submitted to the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  36. Olafadehan, O O, OA Olafadehan and JB Fapohunda (2010) Performance and economics of laying hens fed dried bakery waste. Journal of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 10:169 -175
  37. Oke, OA and O Samson (2013) Utilization of bread waste meal as replacement for maize in diets for broiler chickens. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development - An Open Access International Journal. 1
  38. Paola, S, B Elisabetta, B Valentino, G Lina and S Alberto (2008) Bakery waste in sows' lactation diet. Animal Fac. Medicine Veterinary Pharmacology. 28: 201-210
  39. Saleh, EA, SE Watkins and PW Waldroup (1996) High level -usage of dried bakery by- product in broiler diets. Journal of Applied Poultry. 5:33-38
  40. Shafey, TM, MA Alodan, HA Al-Batshan, MA Abouheif, MS Alamri and IM Ruqaie (2011) Performance, egg characteristics and economic impact of laying hens fed extruded bakery waste. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Advances. 10(17): 2248-2252
  41. Thaler, B and H Palmer (2010) Byproduct feed ingredients for use in swine diet. Fact Sheet Pork Information Gateway, USA, Pp 1-12
  42. Torki, M and V Kimiaee (2011) Effects of dietary replacing corn with bakery by-product with or without enzyme supplementation on performance of laying hens. International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. 6 IACSIT Press, Singapore
  43. Westendrof, ML, T Schuler and EW Zirke (1999) Nutritional quality of recycled food plate waste in diets fed to swine. Prof. Animal Science, 15(2): 106-111
  44. Yadav, DS, S Manish, JP Singh and AK Mishra (2014) Effect of replacement of maize with bakery waste in broiler ration. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine. 2:1 REFERENCES
  45. Akankali, JA and EI Elenwo (2019). Use of water hyacinth as feedstuffs for animals in Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Reviews. 4 (01): 91-97
  46. Ajuogu, KP (2019). Organs weight and carcass quality and characteristics of growing pigs fed graded levels of water hyacinth. Journal of Global Biosciences. 4 (1): 1871-1876
  47. AOAC (1980). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analysis Chemists, Washington DC, USA
  48. Abobakr, TM, NM Shemi and AS Messallam (1984). Isolation and chemical evaluation of protein from water hyacinth. Plant foods for Human Nutrition. 34:67-73
  49. Bohman, JC (2001). The effect of graduate levels of alfalfa and aureomycin on growing fathering swine. Journal of Animal Science. 23: 102-107
  50. Bagnall, LO, TS Furman, JF Hentges, WJ No land and RW Shirley (1974): Feed and fiber from effluent-grown water hyacinth. Proceedings Environmental Protection Agency Technology. Series EPA 660/2-7-041. NTIS. Springfleld, V.A Barman, K, AB Das, R Thomas and S Banik (2015). Effect of replacement of maize with water hyacinth foliage on nutrient utilization in crossbred grower pigs. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 85 (4):435-436
  51. CWSCB (1982) The blessing that is hyacinth. RT-27. Common Wealth Science Council. Pp 26
  52. Choi, YS (2004) Studies on the pork quality of Korean native black pigs and its improvement through dietary manipulation. PhD. thesis. Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. Pp169
  53. Cui, L, H Xiao, L Chen, Y Xu, Y Huang and J Chu (2004) Feeding effects of water hyacinth from Lake Dinshan on swine fattening. Feed Industry. 25(3): 39-40
  54. Cornwell, DA, J Zoltek, Jr, CD Patrinely, T des Furman and JI Kim (1977) Nutrient removal by water hyacinth. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation .7: 57- 65
  55. David, R, P Ngulube and D Adock (2013) A cost-benefit analysis of document management strategies used at a financial institution in Zimbabwe: A case study. South Asian Journal of Information Management. 15 (2)
  56. Dietze, K (2011) Pigs for prosperity. Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
  57. Goering, HK and Van Soest (1970) Forage fibre analysis apparatus, reagents, procedures and some application, ARS, USDA, Handbook N 397
  58. Gilster, KE and RC Whalstrom (1999) Effect of protein leaves of swine fed to heavy weight on body weight gain and feed efficiency. Journal of Animal Science. 17: 566-569
  59. Jafari, N (2010). Ecological and socio-economic utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 14 (2): 43-49
  60. Kim, GW (2012) Analysis of carcass quality grades according to gender, back fat thickness and carcass weight in pigs. Korean Journal Animal Science Technology. 54:29-33
  61. MoALD (2019) Krishi Diary. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Agriculture Information and Training Center, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal
  62. Le, TM, S Yamasaki, JS Caldwell, R Yamada, R Takada and T Taniguchi (2006) Effect of farm household income levels and rice-based diet or water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) supplementation on growth/cost performances and meat indexes of growing and finishing pigs in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Animal Science Journal. 77: 320-29
  63. Lareo, L and R Bressani (1981) Crecimiento de Jacinto de Agua (Eichhornia crassipes), en el Tropico, Arch. Latinoamer. Nutr. 31: 758
  64. Mako, AA, OJ Babayemi and AO Akinsoyinu (2011). An evaluation of nutritive value of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) harvested from different water sources as animal feed. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 23(5): (Article 106) (http: // www.lrrd. org/lrrd23/5/mako23106.htm)
  65. Men, LT, S Yamasaki, JS Caldwell, R Yamada, R Takada and T Taniguchi (2006) Effect of farm household income levels and rice-based diet or water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) supplementation on growth/cost performances and meat indexes of growing and finishing pigs in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Animal Science Journal. 77(3): 320-329
  66. Ngullie, L (2019) Novel feeds for economic feeding of pigs. ACTO (animal science). KVK Longleng, ICAR RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre
  67. Poddar, K, L Mandal and GC Banerjee (1991) Study on water hyacinth -chemical of plant and water from different habitats. Indian Veterinary Journal. 68:833-37
  68. Peo, ER, GC Ashton, VC Spear and DV Carton (2001) Protein and fat requirements of young pigs. Journal of Animal production. 137: 995
  69. Parr, WH, BS Copper, DRS Cox and JF Wood (1996). The small-scale manufacture of compound. Animal feed Bulletin. 9: 48-60
  70. Pearson, AM, B Prestly and JR Dutson (2001). Growth and regulation in Farm Animals. 6th edition Elsre Publishers, London, UK. Pp 222-225
  71. Rogers, JJ and DE Davis (1972). Nutrient removal by water hyacinth. Weed Science. 20: 123-128
  72. Soerjani, DS (1984). Indonesia experience in water hyacinth utilization: Notes on Aquatic Weeds. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 371 -37
  73. Suharsono, AK (1979). Pemanfaatan Eceng Gondok sebagai Makanan Ternak Non Ruminansia. Prosiding Seminar Penelitian dan Penunjang Pengembangan Peternakan II, LPP. Bogor. Pp 3-8
  74. Thapa, B (2017). Demand for pork meat in Nepal. The Kathmandu Post Tham, HT (2015). Utilization of water hyacinth as animal feed. Review Article. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 4(1): 1-6
  75. Tacio, HD (2009). Water hyacinth ecological value, environmental impacts. Gala Discovery
  76. Xing, YH, YX Ma, R Wang and XJ Wang (2001) Appropriate matching ratio and economic benefit analysis of finishing pigs fed water hyacinth. Liaoning Agric. Sci. 2: 45 REFERENCES
  77. Dhakal, S. P. (2018) An Introduction of Kiwifruit and Cultivation Technology. Charikot, Nepal: Temperate fruits root stock development centre.
  78. Gereffi, G. (1994) 'The Organisation of Buyer-driven Global Commodity Chains: How U.S. Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks', In: G. Gereffi and M. Korzeniewicz (eds), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Westport, CT: Praeger: 95-122
  79. ICIMOD. (2018) http://www.icimod.org/v2/bull3/index.php/cms2/magic/?q=7905
  80. Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M., (2001). A Handbook for Value Chain Research. Brighton, United Kingdom, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
  81. MOAD. (2016/17). Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture. Singha Durbar Kathmandu, Nepal: Monitoring, Evaluation and Statistics Division ,Government of Nepal.
  82. Schipmann, C.H. (2006) Value chains for a better integration of smallholders to trade ; the case of chili in Ghana. Master Thesis, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
  83. Sims, B. J. (2011) Rooting Evaluation of Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) and Effects of Anaerobiosis on Bud Break (Master's thesis). Auburn University,Auburn, Alabama. REFERENCES
  84. Adhikari, S., Dahal, B. R. & Bist, V., (2019) Technology adoption in maize farming: a comparative analysis between improved seed users and local seed users of Argakachi district of Nepal. Agricultural Science & Technology, 11(4).
  85. Adhikary, S., Kadel, M. & Yadav, P., (2014). Approaches and Strategies of Quality Seed Production and Control Mechanism in Nepal. Research gate.
  86. Agriculture, C. o. G. R. f. F. a., (2011). Strengthening Seed Systems: Gap Analysis of the Seed Sector, Rome, Italy: CGRFA.
  87. AICC, 2. (2076). Krishi Diary, (2076). Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur: Gov. of Nepal, Ministry of Agiculture and Livestock Development.
  88. Ashamo, M. (2017). Varietal and Seed Replacement As a Means to Improve Crop Productivity in GTP I: The Case of Major Cereals in Some Districts of Southern Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management, Volume 60.
  89. Bhandari, D. (2002). Crop Development Program and Achievements in the developing countries , Hariharbhawan,Lalitpur ,Nepal: Ministry of agriculture and co- operatives,department of agriculture ,crop development directorate.
  90. Budhathoki, N. & Bhatta, G. (2016). Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties in Nepal: Impact on Household Wellbeing. Agricultural Research, 5(4), pp. 420-432.
  91. Budhathoki, N. & Bhatta, G. D. (2015). Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties In Nepal: Impact on Household Wellbeing. National Academy of Agriculture Sciences.
  92. CDD, (201)5. Rice Varietal Mapping in Nepal: Implication for development and adoption. Lalitpur: Gov of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture Development (MOAD).
  93. Centre, S. Q. C. (2075). National Seed Balance Sheet 2074/2075. Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture Development.
  94. Chandio, A. A. & Yuansheng, J., 2018. Determinants of adoption of improved rice varieties in northern Sindh, Pakistan. Rice Science, 25(2), pp. 103-110.
  95. DADO, (2017). District profile. Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur DADO, (2018). Annual Progress and Statistics Book. Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur: District Agriculture Development Office.
  96. Gadal, N., Shrestha, J., Poudel, M. N. & Pokhrel, B. (2019). A review on production status and growing environments of rice in Nepal and in the world. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4(1), pp. 83-87.
  97. Gauchan, D., Singh, S., Singh, U. & Thapa, D. (2014). Strengthening Seed System for Rice Seed Production and Supply in Nepal.. Kathmandu: IRRI-NARC collaborative EC-IFAD funded project on Seed Net Development. Socioeconomics and Agricultural Research Policy Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council.
  98. Ghimire, R., Wen-Chi, H. & Shrestha, R. B. (2015). Factors affecting adoption of improved rice varieties among rural farm households in Central Nepal. Rice Science, 22(1), pp. 34-43.
  99. Ghimire, S. et al., (2013). Biophysical and Socioeconomic Characterization of Cereal Production Systems of Central Nepal. Research gate.
  100. Guei, R. G., Barra, A. & Silue, D. (2011). Promoting smallholder seed enterprises: quality seed production of rice, maize, sorghum and millet in northern Cameroon. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 9(1), pp. 91- 99. IASRI, (2010). Seed Production of Vegetable, Tuber and Spice Crop. s.l.:s.n. Javadi, S., Kavehkar, N., Mousavizadeh, M. H. & Mohammadi, K. (2011). Modification of DRASTIC model to map groundwater vulnerability to pollution using nitrate measurements in agricultural area. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13(2), pp. 239-249.
  101. Joshi, K. D., Shrestha, P. & Thapa, B. (2017). Farmers' Seed Systems in Nepal: Review of Nationa Legislations, Pokhara, Nepal: LI-BIRD and The development Fund.
  102. Joshi, N. K. & Shrestha, S. (2018). Income conundrum: Dissecting PCI forecast. [Online] Available at: https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/income-conundrum- dissecting-pci-forecast/
  103. Joshi, N. K. & Shrestha, S. (2018). Income conundrum: Dissecting PCI forecast. [Online] Available at: https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/income-conundrum- dissecting-pci-forecast/
  104. Kafle, A. & Joshi, K. R. (2018). Vegetable Seed Import Scenario in Nepal.
  105. Karn, P. K. (2014). The Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production in Nepal. Kathmandu: South Asian Network for Development and Environment Economics (SANDEE).
  106. Katoky, M. & Barman, U. (2015). Sources of Seeds and Reasons of Low Seed Replacement Rate of Paddy Seed: A Case Study in Assam. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR), 4(1).
  107. Krishnan, P. & Rao, A. S. (2005). Effects of genotype and environment on seed yield and quality of rice. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 143(4), pp. 283-292.
  108. KUBK, (2017). Seed Replacement Rate (SRR); Study of Cereal and Vegetable in Program Districts, Lalitpur: Ministry of Agriculture Development (MOAD).
  109. Maharatha, S., Dahal, B. R., Acharya, N. & Devkota, S. (2019). Price behavior, marketing and consumption pattern of tomato in selected region of western Nepal. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4(4), pp. 472-477.
  110. MOAD, (2017). Statistical Year Book 2017. s.l.:Central Bureau of Statistics.
  111. Pandey, A., Sharma, M. & Sharma, V. (2017). Study on Seed Replacement Ratio among the tribal farmers of Northern hills agro-climatic zone of Chhatisgarh. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, Jan.pp. 88-93.
  112. Panta, H. K. (2018). Supply Chain of Subsidized Chemical Fertilizers in Nepal. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 35(1), pp. 9-20.
  113. Pattanaik, B. B. (2012). Quality seeds: Contribution of national seeds corporation. Golden Jubilee Souvenir, pp. 14-18.
  114. Plecher, H. (2019). Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors Nepal 2017. [Online] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/425750/nepal-gdp-distribution- across-economic-sectors/
  115. Prasain, S. (2020). Agriculture's share in gross domestic product shrinks to 26.98 percent: Survey. [Online] Available at: https://kathmandupost.com/money/2019/05/28/agricultures-share- in-gross-domestic-product-shrinks-to-2698-percent-survey
  116. Saka, J. O. & Lawal, B. O. (2009). Determinants of adoption and productivity of improved rice varieties in southwestern Nigeria.. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(19).
  117. Singh, R. (2016). Optimising Seed Replacement Rates In Jharkhand: Present Scenario, Challenges and Opportunities. Research gate, July.
  118. Singh, R., Agarwal, D. K., Prasad, S. R. & Sripathy, K. (2017). Varietal and Seed Replacement in the Era of Climate Change. s.l.:Indian Institute of Seed Science (ICAR).
  119. SQCC, (2013). National Seed Vision (201-2025), Lalitpur: National Seed Board.
  120. Subedi, S., Ghimire, Y.N., Gautam, S., Poudel, H.K., & Shrestha, J. (2019a). Economics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in terai region of Nepal. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4(1), 57-62
  121. Verma, S., & Sidhu, M. S. (2009). Sources, replacement and management of paddy seed by farmers in Punjab. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 22(347-2016- 16846), 323-328.
  122. Bhattacharjee, S. (2008). Triadimefon pretreatment protects newly assembled membrane system and causes up-regulation of stress proteins in salinity stressed. Journal of Environmental Biology, 805-810.
  123. da Silva1, J.G., Bianchini, A., Patrícia, M., Costa1, C., de Almeida Lobo, F., de Almeida, J.P.M., & de Moraes, M.F. (2019). Amaranth Response to Water Stress. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 40(1), 1-9.DOI: 10.9734/JEAI/2019/v40i130356
  124. Franco, J.A., Bañón, S., Vicente, M.J., Miralles, J., & Martínez-Sánchez, J.J. (2011). Root development in horticultural plants grown under abiotic stress conditions- A review. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 86, 543-556.
  125. Gandonou, C.B., Prodjinoto, H., Zanklan, S.A., Wouyou, A.D., Lutts, S., Montcho D.H., Komlan F.A., & and Mensah A.C.G. (2018). Effects of salinity stress on growth in relation to gas exchanges parameters and water status in amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus). International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 10(3), 19-27.
  126. Holm, L.G. (1991). The world's worst weeds. Distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii USA.
  127. Horak, M.J., & Loughin, T.M. (2000). Growth Analysis of Four Amaranthus Species. Weed Science, 347-355
  128. Liu, Y., Du, H., Wang, K., Huang, B., & Wang, Z. (2011). Differential photosynthetic responses to salinity stress between two perennial grass species contrasting in salinity tolerance. HortScience, 46(2), 311-316.
  129. Liu, F., & Stützel, H. (2002). Leaf expansion, stomatal conductance, and transpiration of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) in response to soil drying. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 878-883.
  130. Long, S. (1999). Ecology of C4 photosynthesis-environmental responses. In C4 Plant Biology (pp. 215-249). San Diego: CA: Academic Press.
  131. Lovelli, S., Perniola, M., Ferrara, A., Amato, M., & Tomasso, T.D. (2010). Photosynthetic Response to Water Stress of Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) in a Southern-Mediterranean Area. Weed Science, 126-131.
  132. Ludlow , M., & Muchow , R. (1990). A critical evaluation of traits for improving crop yields in water-limited environments. Advances in Agronomy, 107-153.
  133. da Silva, E.N., Ribeiro R.V., Ferreira-Silva S.L., Viégas R.A., & Silveira J.A.G. (2011). Salt stress induced damages on the photosynthesis of physic nut young plants. Scientia Agricola, 68, 62-68.
  134. Munns, R. (2005). Genes and salt tolerance: Bringing them together. Plant phytology, 167, 645-663.
  135. Ornami E.N., & Hammes, P.S. (2006). Ameliorative effects of calcium on growth and mineral uptake of salt-stressed amaranth. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 23(3), 197-202.
  136. Omami E.N. (2005). Responses of Amaranth to salinity stress (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University of Pretoria Etd, Pretoria, South Africa.
  137. R'him, T., Tlili, I., Hnan, I., Ilahy, R., Benali, A., & R'him, J.H. (2013). Effet du stress salin sur le comportement physiologique et métabolique de trois variétés de piment (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 66, 5060-5069.
  138. Souza , N., & Amorim , S. (2009). Growth and development of Physalis angulata Lineu under water deficit. Ciências Agrárias Ambiental, 65-72.
  139. Shahid, M.A., Pervez, M.A., Balal, R.M,, Ahmad, R., Ayyub, C.M., Abbas, T., & Akhtar, N. (2011). Salt stress effects on some morphological and physiological characteristics of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Soil and Environment, 30(1), 66-73.
  140. Sánchez-Blanco, M.J., Rodríguez, P., Morales M.A., Ortuño M.F., & Torrecillas, A. (2002). Comparative growth and water relations of Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis plants during water deficit conditions and recovery, Plant Science, 162, 107-113.
  141. ACI. (2017) Good Agribusiness Practices in the HIMALI Project. Agrifood Consulting International (ACI), Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal.
  142. AEC. (2012) Balanced Economic Growth: One District, One Product: Local Employment, Income Generation and Food Security. Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI), Agro Enterprise Center (AEC), Kathmandu, Nepal.
  143. CEAPRED. (2013) Annual Reports: Vegetable Seed Project (VSP). Center for Environmental and Agricultural Policy Research, Extension and Development (CEAPRED), Ekantakuna, Lalitpur.
  144. DADO. (2016) Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics: A Glance FY 2015/016. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture Development, Department of Agriculture, MW Regional Agriculture Derectorate, District Agriculture Development Office, Rukum.
  145. HVAP. (2011) A Report on Value Chain Analysis of Vegetable Seeds in Nepal. High Value Agriculture Project in Hill and Mountain Areas (HVAP). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.
  146. Joshi, S. R. and Gurung, B. R. (2009) Potato in Bhutan, Value Chain Analysis. Regional Agricultural Marketing and Cooperatives Office (RAMCO), Mongar. Department of Agricultural Marketing and Cooperatives, Ministry of Agriculture.
  147. KUBK. (2016) Vegetables Seed Value Chain Report. Kisankalagi Unnat Biu-Bijan Karyakram (KUBK-ISFP), Minisry of Agriculture Development, Government of Nepal.
  148. Munakami, R. and Dhakal, B. P. (1990) Economics of Production of Vegetable Seed in Nepal: Carrot Seed, Mustang, No-Frills Consultants, Kathmandu.
  149. PMAMP. (2018) Annual Progress Report and Statistical Book Publication: FY 2017/018. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP), Project Implementation Unit, Vegetable/Vegetable Seed Zone, Rukum (West).
  150. Pun, A. B. and Poudyal, D. (2018) Assessment of Present Status and Action Plan Development: A Vegetable Seed Enterprise in Rukum, Nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resource. 1(1). p.122-132.
  151. RCCI. (2019) Story of Agricultural Entrepreneurs. Rukum (West) Chambers of Commerce and Industry (RCCI), Agro Enterprise Center, Rukum (West).
  152. Rupantaran Nepal. (2014) Value Chain Analysis of Selected Forest Based Products of Rapti Area. Rupantaran Nepal: Multi Stakeholder Forestry Program, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  153. Timsina, K. and Shivakoti, G. P. (2018) Vegetables Production and Marketing: Practice and Perception of Vegetable Seed Producers and Fresh Growers in Nepal. Agriculture and Food Security. 7(1). p.11.
  154. UMN. (2015) Annul Progress Report. United Mission to Nepal (UMN). Rukum Cluster, Rukum and Vegetable Seed Production Cooperative Association, Musikot -1, Rukum. VSPC. (2018) Annual Program and Progress Book 2017/018. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Vegetable Seed Production Center (VSPC), Chapa, Rukum (West). REFERENCES
  155. Abaje I.B, Giwa P.N. (2007) Urban Flooding and Environmental Safety: A Case Study of Kafanchan Town in Kaduna State. A Paper Presented at the Golden Jubilee (50th Anniversary) and 49th Annual Conference of the Association of Nigerian Geographers (ANG) Scheduled for 15th -19th October, 2007 at the Department of Geography, University of Abuja, Gwagwalada-Abuja.
  156. Adebayo, A.A. (2012) Evidence of climate change in Taraba State: A preliminary report. A Paper Presented at the faculty of Science Seminar Series, Held at the Lecture Hall on 13th September, 2012.Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria.
  157. Akanda and Howlader, M.S. (2015) Coastal farmers' perception of climate change Effects on Agriculture at Galachipa Upazila under Patuakhali District of Bangladesh. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: Agriculture and Veterinary 15(4): 78 -87.
  158. Agbelemoge, A. (2013) Utilization of cocoyam in rural household southern Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13(4): 7944 - 7956
  159. Chukwu, G.O., Nwosu, K.I., Madu, T.U., Chimaka, C. & Okoye, B.C. (2009) Development of gocing storage method for cocoyam. Proceedings of the 4th Annual conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria, Abuja: 60-62.
  160. Elijah, S. T., Osuafor, O. O. & Anarah, S. E. (2018) Effects of Climate Change on Yam Production in Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 8(2): 104-111
  161. Eze, C. C, Korie, O. C., Ben-Chendo, G. N. & Nwaiwu, I. U. (2016) Socio-Economic Effects of Climate Change Variables on Cocoyam Production in Nigeria. Futo Journal Series (FUTOJNLS), 2(2): 210-235
  162. Ezedinma, C., Dixon, A., Sanni, G.O., Okechukwu, L., Akoroda, R., Lemehi, M., Ogbe, J. F. & Okoro, E. (2006) Trends in Cassava Production and Commercialization in Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
  163. FAO (2005b) Food and agricultural organizations production year book, Rome Italy. FAO (2008) Climate change and food security: A framework document. Rome. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Ifeanyi-obi, C. C. and Togun, A. O. (2017) Effects of Climate Change on Cocoyam Farming in Southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2): 44-54 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In M.L. Parry,O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. Van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 7-22.
  164. Iwena, O. A. (2015) Essentials of Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools. TONAD publishers limited. 45p.
  165. Molua, E. L. & Lambi, C. M. (2007) Economic impact of climate change on agriculture in Cameroon. Policy Research Paper No 4364 World Bank, Washington, D. C. Pp. 51-55.
  166. NPC (2016) National Population Commission. Sample Survey: Abuja, Nigeria.
  167. Oguniyi, L.T. & Omoteso, O.A. (2011) Economic Analysis of Swine Production in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ibadan Zone of Oyo State. Journal of Human Ecology, 35(2):137-142.
  168. Okoye, B.C., Asumugha, G.N., Okezie, C.A., Tanko, L. & Onyenweaku, C.E. (2008) Econometric assessment of the trend of cocoyam production in Nigeria, 19960/61 -2003/06. Agricultural Journal (Medwell online), 3(2): 99-101.
  169. Okringbo I. J., Ibe M. N. & Oduehie T. C. (2017) Perceived Effect of Climate Variability on Arable Crop Production in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2(5): 2328-2335
  170. Onyeneke, R.U. & Madukwe, D.K. (2010) Adaptation measures by crop farmers in the Southeast rainforest zone of Nigeria to climate change. Science World Journal, 5(1): 32-34.
  171. Ozor, N. (2009). Understanding climate change. Implications for Nigerian Agriculture, policy and Extension. Paper presented at the National conference on climate change and the Nigeria Environment. Organized by the Department of geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 29th June-2nd July.
  172. Uguru, M. I. (1996) Crop production, Tools, Techniques and Practices. Fulladu Publishing Company. Enugu Nigeria.
  173. Ukonze, J.A. (2012) Impact of Climate Change on Cocoyam Production in South Eastern Nigeria. International Journal for Education, Science and Public Policy in Africa (UESPPA), 2(1):161-168.
  174. Ume, S. I., Ezeano, C. I., Onunka, B. N. & Nwaneri, T.C. (2016) Socio-economic determinant factors to the adoption of cocoyam production technologies by smallholder farmers in South East Nigeria. Indo -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(5): 760 -769.
  175. Ume, S.I., Ezeano, C.I., Chukwuigwe, O. & Gbughemobi, B.O. (2018) Effect of climate change on pig production and choice of adaptation strategies by farmers in southeast, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 3(2): 858-868
  176. Ume, S. I., Ezeano, C. I. & Okeke. C. C. (2018) Effect of climate variability on Cocoyam production and Adaptation coping statergies by Farmers in Afikpo South Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Indo -Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(2): 1387 -1395.
  177. UNFCCC (1992) Article 1, Definitions, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations REFERENCES
  178. Adhikari, R.K. (2012) Economics of finger millet (Elecusine coracana G.) production and marketing in peri urban area of Pokhara valley of Nepal. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 4(6), pp. 151-157
  179. Adhikari, R.K. (2013) Economics of Organic Rice Production. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 12, pp. 97-103.
  180. Adhikari, R.K. and Paudel, P. (2016) Economic analysis of tomato farming under different production systems in Dhading District of Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, pp. 45-60.
  181. Ali, Q., Ashfaq, M. and Khan, M. (2017) Resource Use Efficiency and Return to Scale Analysis in Off-Season Cucumber Production in Punjab, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 27(1), pp. 294-301
  182. Dhakal, R., Bhandari, S., Joshi, B., Aryal, A., Kattel, R. and Dhakal, S. (2019) Cost- benefit analysis and resource use efficiency of rice production system in different agriculture landscapes in Chitwan district, Nepal. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4(4), pp. 442-448.
  183. Kumar, P., Chauhan, R. and Grover, R. (2016) Economics analysis of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Haryana, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(2), pp. 846-848.
  184. MOAD. (2016) Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2072/73 (2015/16). Ministry of Agricultural and Livestock Development. Monitoring, Evaluation and Statistics Division Agri Statistics Section Singha Durbar, Kathmandu Nepal. MOF. (2018) Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2074/75 (2016/17). Ministry of Finance.Monitoring, Evaluation and Statistics Division Agri Statistics Section Singha Durbar, Kathmandu Nepal. REFERENCES
  185. ABPSD, (2010). Annual Report, Potato Research Program, Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Khumaltar (NARC)
  186. Amatya, S.L. (1975) Cash Crop Farming in Nepal, Rector's Office T.U. Kathmandu. Seminar paper, 5(25): pp.18.
  187. Annual Report, (2011) National Potato Development Program (NPDP), Impact Assessment on Prebasic Seed (PBS), of Potato in Nepal. Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.
  188. Bhomi, J.K., and Khatri, B.B. (1997) Origin distribution and classification of potato trainer's manual, Department of Agriculture, Central Agriculture Training Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  189. Chatterjee, B.N., Maity, S., and Mondal., B.K., (1989) Cropping Systems-Theory and Practice", oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.pp.51-54.
  190. CBS, (2012) National Population and Housing Census 2011: National Report, Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  191. Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N., (1991) "Potato production and consumption in Developing Countries". Pub. Rome, page 6
  192. Lama, T.L., (2003). Integrated Disease Management in Potato through Farmer Field School Approach. Food Security Perspective, In Neupane, F.P. (Ed.), Integrated pest management in Nepal: Proceedings of a national seminar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Himalyan Resources Institute, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  193. Pradhan, P. M., and Elphinstone, J. G., (1991). Integrated Management of Bacterial Wilt of Potato Lesions from the Hills of Nepal, Lumle Agricultural Researches center, Pokhara Nepal
  194. Rajbhandari, B.P. (2015) Fundamentals of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development. HICAST.
  195. Reddy, S.R., (2012) Principles of Agronomy; Kalyani publishers, New Delhi, India. RRN, (2007). Annual report in Rural Reconstruction Nepal. 15499 3100 4200 4200 -14399 -47980 13238.4 2989.5 15499 3000 4250 4250 -14249 -62229 11756.4 2701 30652 2800 50000 4000 54000 20548 -41681 18981.6 30641 30652 50000 4000 54000 23348 -18333 15529.3 27358 30652 50000 50000 19348 1015 13865.4 22617 30652 50000 50000 19348 20363 12379.8 20194 30652 50000 50000 19348 39711 11053.4 18031 30652 50000 50000 19348 59059 9869.12 16099 30652 50000 50000 19348 78407 8811.72 30652 50000 50000 19348 97755 7867.6 12834 38707 140000 140000 101293 199048 8870.65 32084 38707 140000 140000 101293 300341 7920.22 28647 38707 140000 140000 101293 401634 7071.62 25577 38707 140000 140000 101293 502927 6313.95 22837 26695 60000 60000 33305 536232 3887.98 8738.7 26695 60000 60000 33305 569537 3099.47 7802.4 26695 60000 60000 33305 602842 3099.47 6966.4 26695 60000 60000 33305 636147 2767.38 6220 REFERENCES CBS. (2014) Statistical pocket book of Nepal, Government of Nepal, National Planning, 210p DADO, (2073) Annual Agricultural Development Program and Statistics. (In Nepali) GON, Ministry of Agricultural and Development, Department of Agriculture, Regional Agricultural Development Directorate, Jajarkot.
  196. Gautam, K.R. (1993) Processing/ Packing/ Marketing Business Plan for entrepreneurs in Western Nepal. Lalitpur:
  197. Lekhi, R.K., and Singh. J., (1996) Agricultural Economics. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India. 513p.
  198. MOALD, (2016).Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture. Nepal Government, Ministry of Agriculture and Development, Agribusiness Promotion and Statistics Division, Kathmandu Nepal.
  199. MOALD, (2015-2035) Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu TEPC, (2017) Nepal Foreign Trade Statistics. GON, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, Trade and Export Promotion Centre, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal. REFERENCES
  200. AICC, (2017) Krishy Dairy. GON, Ministry of Agriculture Development, Agriculture Information and Communication Center, HariharbhawanLalitpur.
  201. Akkaya, Fatma&Yalcin, Raif&Ozkan, Burhan. (2006). Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Its Implementation in Turkey. ActaHorticulturae.699. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.699.3.
  202. DADO, Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics book 2073 DADO, Annual Progress Report and Pocket/Block profile of Prime Minister Agricultural Advancement Project 2074 BS DADO, (2016/17) Organic Farming Information book. GON, Ministry of Agriculture Development, Central Region Agriculture Directory , District agriculture Development office, Kathamandu
  203. Rajbhandari, B.P. 2015. Fundamentals of Sustainable agriculture and rural development,. Kathmandu: HICAST Publication. ISNB: 978-9937-2- 9544-4: 244 pp., ill. REFERENCES
  204. Anderson, J., Benjamin, C., Campell, B., Tiveau, D. (2006). Forests, poverty and equity in Africa: new perspectives on policy and practice. International Forestry Review 8(1):44-53
  205. Angelsen, A., Wunder. S. (2003). Exploring the Forest-Poverty Link: Key Concepts, Issues and Research Implications. CIFOR Occasional Paper 40
  206. Bhattarai, B and H. Ojha 2000-01. Distributional Impact of Community Forestry: Who is Benefiting from Nepal's Community Forests?Forest Action Research Series 00/01.
  207. McSweeney, K. (2003). Tropical forests as safety nets? The relative importance of forest product sale as smallholder insurance, Eastern Honduras. The International Conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity. 12 -23 May, 2003, Bonn, Germany. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/corporate/cdroms/bonnproc/pdfs/papers /T1_FINAL_McSweeney.pdfNORMS, Dev(ODG), (2003). Social / Structure livelihoods and the management of common poor resources on Nepal. Overseas Development Group, University of East Angelia, Norwich and Natural and Organizational Resource Management Services (NORMS), Kathmandu, Nepal CFD, (2003). Database of the Community Forest Users Groups in Nepal. Community Forestry Division, Department of Forest, Nepal. REFERENCES
  208. Ashok, P. K., & Kumud, U. (2010) Preliminary phytochemical screening and physico- chemical parameters of aerial parts of Artemisia vulgaris. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP), 1(1), 206-211.
  209. Ayinde, B. A., Onwukaeme, D. N., & Omogbai, E. K. I. (2007) Isolation and characterization of two phenolic compounds from the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides R. Brown (Moraceae). Acta Pol. Pharm, 64(2), 183-5.
  210. Bhadoria, P. B. S. (2011) Allelopathy: a natural way towards weed management. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 7-20.
  211. Biu, A. A., Yusufu, S. D., & Rabo, J. S. (2009) Phytochemical screening of Azadirachta indica (Neem)(Meliaceae) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Bioscience research communications, 21(6), 281-283.
  212. Cheema, Z. A., Khaliq, A., & Saeed, S. (2004) Weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) through sorghum allelopathy. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 23(4), 73-86.
  213. Chon, S. U., & Nelson, C. J. (2013). Allelopathic dynamics in resource plants. In Allelopathy (pp. 81-110). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  214. Devi, O. I., & Dutta, B. K. (2012). Allelopathic effect of the aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus and Chromolaena odorata on the seed germination and seedling vigour of Zea mays L. vitro. Academic Journal of Plant Science, 5, 110-113.
  215. Enyew, A., & Raja, N. (2015) Allelopathic effect of Lantana camara L. leaf powder on germination and growth behaviour of maize, Zea mays Linn. and Wheat, Triticum turgidum Linn. Cultivars. Asian Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(1), 4-10.
  216. Farooq, M., Jabran, K., Cheema, Z. A., Wahid, A., & Siddique, K. H. (2011) The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest management science, 67(5), 493-506.
  217. Foidl, N., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2001) The potential of Moringa oleifera for agricultural and industrial uses. The miracle tree: The multiple attributes of Moringa, 45-76.
  218. Harborne, J. B. (1973) Phenolic compounds. In Phytochemical methods (pp. 33-88). Springer, Dordrecht.
  219. Kamran, M., Cheema, Z. A., & Farooq, M. (2016) Influence of foliage applied allelopathic water extracts on the grain yield, quality and economic returns of hybrid maize. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 18(3). 105-178
  220. Manandhar, N. P. (2000) Plants and people of Nepal. Timber press.
  221. Mersie, W., & Singh, M. (1987) Allelopathic effect of lantana on some agronomic crops and weeds. Plant and soil, 98(1), 25-30.
  222. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC). (2014). Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2014-2020. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Motalab, M. A. (2011). Selected medicinal plants of Chittagong hill tracts. IUCN Bangladesh.
  223. Ojiako, E. N. (2014). Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening of Moringa oleifera leaves extract. International Journal of Engineering Science, 3, 32-35.
  224. Phiri, C. (2010). Influence of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on germination and early seedling development of major cereals. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(5), 774-777.
  225. Rice, E.L. (1984). Allelopathy (2 nd ed). Academic Press, New York, USA. 650 p Rizvi, S. J. H., Haque, H., Singh, V. K., & Rizvi, V. (1992). A discipline called allelopathy. In: Allelopathy (pp. 1-10). Springer, Dordrecht.
  226. Santhi, K., & Sengottuvel, R. (2016) Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Moringa concanensis Nimmo. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 5(1), 633-640.
  227. Singh, S. P. (1991) Allelopathic potential of parthenium hysterophorus L. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 167(3), 201-206.
  228. Tijjani, M. B., Bello, I. A., Aliyu, A. B., Olurishe, T., Maidawa, S. M., Habila, J. D., & Balogun, E. O. (2009) Phytochemical and antibacterial studies of root extract of Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich.(Cochlospermaceae). Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 3(1), 16-22.
  229. Uwague, A. (2019) Comparative Potential Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Neem and Moringa Oleifera Leaf Plants in Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria. pp 120-340.
  230. Visweswari, G., Christopher, R., & Rajendra, W. (2013) Phytochemical screening of active secondary metabolites present in Withania somnifera root: role in traditional medicine. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 4(7), 2770.
  231. Webb, D. (2013) Phytochemicals' role in good health. Today's Dietitian, 15(9), 70. REFERENCES
  232. AICC, (2017) Krishi Diary. GON, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Agriculture Information and Communication Centre, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur.
  233. ARD, (2018) Detailed Proposal copy for project on Climate change adaptation and mitigation Entitled in "Towards Climate smart villages: Promotion of Affordable and Replicable Adaptation practices to Enhance Livelihood of Vulnerable Communities in the Kavrepalanchowk and Bhaktapur District, Nepal".
  234. Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu and J.P Palutikof (Eds). (2008) Climate aChange and Water. Technical paper of the Intergovernmental Panelon climate change , IPCC Secretariate, Geneva , 210pp.
  235. DADO. (2017).Prangarik kheti jankari Pustika 2073/2074. GoN,Ministry of Agriculture Development, agriculture section Central Development Region regional Agriculture Directory, Kathmandu DADO. (2074) Aarthik Barsa2073/74 ko barsik pragati pratibedan tatha pradhanmantri krisi aadhunikikaran pariyojana ko pocket/ block profile 2074
  236. DADO. (2073) Barsik krisi bikas karyakram tatha tathyaanka pustika 2073 DADO, Kavrepalanchok
  237. Ghosh, M.K. Roy (2016) Global warming and climate change. India: Medtech. ISBN: 978-93-84007-73-7
  238. IPBS. (2019) IPBES' 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCD Secretariat, P.O.Box 260129, D-53153 Bonn, Germany
  239. Rajbhandari, B.P. (2015) Fundamentals of sustainable agriculture and rural development. Kathmandu: HICAST Publication. ISBN: 978-9937-2-9544-4: 244 pp., ill
  240. Shrestha, S. (2016) Climate Change and Food Security from Gender Perspective, Nepal Research society, Publ., Kathmandu, 156 pp. ISBN 978-9937-0-0945-4 REFERENCES
  241. Adebiyi,O.A.,Adeola, A.T.,Osinowo, O.A.,Brown, D.,Ngambi J.W.(2018).Effects of feeding hydroponics maize fodder on performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 16(3):2415-2422. Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021, volume 20 ISSN 2091-042X; eISSN 2091-0428
  242. AI-Karki.,Ghazi,N.and AI-Hashimi,M..(2012). Green fodder production and water use efficiency of some forage crops under hydroponic condition. International Scholarly Research Network, DOI:10.5402/2012/924672.
  243. Dung D.D., Godwin, I.R. and Nolan, J.V. (2010a). Nutrient content and in sacco degradation of hydroponic barley sprouts grown using nutrient solution or tap water. J.Anim.Vet.Adv.9(18):2432-2436.
  244. Fazaeli,H.,Golmohammadi,H.A.,Shoyayee, A.A.,Montajebi,N and Mosharaff. Sh.(2011). Performance of feedlot calves fed hydroponics fodder barley. J.Agric.Sci.Technol.13:365-375.
  245. Gunasekaran,S., Valli, C.and Bandeswaran, C.(2017). Production of low cost hydroponic maize fodder to mitigate fodder shortages for livestock during drought conditions.http://pashusandesh.com/hydroponic-maize.
  246. Jemimah,E.R.,Gnanaraj,P.T.,Muthuramalingam,T.,Babu,M.,Sundharesan,A.(2015).Hydr oponic Green Fodder Production Tanuvas Experience.
  247. McCandlish,A.C.(1993).Skimmilk powder for calves and a comparison of various supplemental feeds.West of Scotland Agric. Coll. Res. Bull. 7.
  248. Naik, P.K., Dhuri, R.B. and Singh,N.B. (2011). Technology for production and feeding of hydroponics green fodder. Extension Folder No.45/2011, ICAR Research Complex for Goa.
  249. Naik, P.K., Dhuri, R.B., Swain.,B.K.and Singh N.B. (2012a).Nutrient change with the growth of hydroponics fodder maize. Indian Journal Animal Nutrition, 29:161-163.
  250. Naik, P.K, and Singh, N.P. (2013). Hydroponics fodder production: an alternative technology for sustainable livestock production against impeding climate change. In: Compendium of Model Training Course "Management Strategies for Sustainable Livestock Production agains…Climate Change", held during November 18-25, 2013. Southern Regional Station, National Dairy research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, India, Pp.70-75.
  251. Naik,P.K.,Dhuri,R.B.,Swain,B.K.,Karunakaran,M.,Chakurkar,E.B.andSingh,N.P(2013a) Analysis of existing dairy farming in Goa. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 83 (3):299-303.
  252. Naik,P.K.,Gaikwad,S.P.,Gupta,P.J.,Dhuri R.B.,Dhumal, G.M., and Singh, N.P. (2013b). Low cost devices for hydroponic fodder production. Indian Dairyman, October 2013,pp.68-72.
  253. Naik,P.K.,Dhuri, R.B.,Karunakaran,M.,.Swain.,B.K. and Singh,N.P.(2014).Effect of feeding hydroponics maize fodder on digestibility of nutrients and milk production in lactating cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences,84:880-883.
  254. Naik, P.K.,Swain B.K.and Singh,N.P. (2015). Hydroponics: Its Feasibility as an Alternative to Cultivated Forages and Pasture.
  255. Pandey, H.N.and Pathak,N.N.(1991). Nutritional evaluation of artificially grown barley fodder in lactating crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 8:77- 78.
  256. Reddy,G.V.N.,Reddy,M.R.and Reddy, K.K.(1988). Nutrient utilization by milch cattle feed on rations containing artificially grown under fodder. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 5:19-22.
  257. Reddy,Y.R.(2014).HydroponicFodderProduction.http://www.authorstrem.com/Presentati on/kirnreddy526438-2376257-hydroponic-fodder-production.
  258. Sneath,, R.. and Mclntosh,F. (2003). Review of hydroponic fodder production for beef cattle. Queensland Government. Department of Primary Industries. Dalby, Queensland.
  259. Snow, A.M.,Ghal,A.E.,and Snow,A.(2008). A comparative assessment of hydroponically grown cereal crops for the purification of aquaculture waste water and the REFERENCES
  260. Alam, A. K. M. A., & Hossain, M. M. (2008) Variability of different growth contributing parameters of some okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) accessions and their interrelation effects on yield. Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development, 6(1):25-35.
  261. Biswas, A., Hossain, M. M., Alam, Z., & Islam, M. M. (2016) Nutritive value and yield potential of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) genotypes. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 41(3): 541-554.
  262. Dash, P. K., Rabbani, M. G., & Mondal, M. F. (2013) Effect of variety and planting date on the growth and yield of okra. International Journal of Bioscience, 3(9): 123- 131.
  263. Dimkpa, S. O. N., Tobin-West, M. D., Baraka, R. E., & Ogbowu, A. C. (2019) Field evaluation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties in the humid tropics, rivers state. Global Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(2): 21-34.
  264. Ghimire, D., Lamsal, G., Paudel, B., Khatri, S., & Bhusal, B. (2018) Analysis of trend in area, production and yield of major vegetables of Nepal. Trends in Horticulture, 1(2) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/th.v1i2.914
  265. Jamala, G. Y., Boni, P. G., Abraham, P., & Musa, A. M. (2011) Soil status and yield response of different varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentusL.) Moench) grown at Mubi floodplain, North Eastern, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development, 3(7): 120-125.
  266. Mohamed, R. A. O. (2018) Molecular Characterization and Qualitative Evaluation of some Okra (Abelmoschus esculentusL. Moench) Genotypes, Sudan (Doctoral dissertation, University of Gezira).
  267. Mohapatra, M. R., Acharya, P., & Sengupta, S. (2007). Variability and association analysis in okra. Indian Agriculturist, 51(1/2): 17-26.
  268. Muhammad, A. M., Anjum, A., & Ahmed, A. (2001) Impact of planting geometry on growth, yield and quality of Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moerch). International Journal of Agriculture and Bioscience, 3(2): 345-349.
  269. Pandey, V., Kumar, A., & Singh, D. K. (2017). Evaluation of quantitative characters of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) genotypes. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 24(5): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.9734/CJAST/2017/37138
  270. Purquerio, L. F. V., do Lago, A. A., & Passos, F. A. (2010). Germination and hardseedness of seeds in okra elite lines. Horticultura Brasileira, 28(2): 232- 235.
  271. Rahman, K., Waseem, K., Kashif, M., Jilani, M. S., Kiran, M., & Mamoon-Ur-Rashid, M. (2012). Performance of different okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cultivars under the agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan. Pakistan Journal of Science, 64(4): 316.
  272. Rajesh, J., Prasad, V. M., & Kerketta, A. (2018). Evaluation of different okra (Abelmoschusesculentus L. Moench) hybrids for yield and yield attributes under Allahabad agro-climatic condition. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci, 6(5):1343- 1346.
  273. Saha, S. R., Islam, A. F. M. S., Rahman, M. M., Hasan, M. M., & Roy, R. (2016). Cultivars response to morphological and yield attributes of okra at Sylhet Region. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 10(2): 1-7.
  274. Salau, A. W., & Makinde, E. A. (2015). Planting density and variety on okra growth, yield, and yield duration. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 21(4): 363-372.
  275. Singh, H. K., Singh, K. M., & Meraj, M. (2018). Growth and yield performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties on farmer's field. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. Special Issue, 7:1411- 1417. REFERENCES
  276. AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analyses of association of analytical chemist (15th eds.). Washington DC: AOAC.
  277. Birthal, P.S. and A.K Jha. (2005). Economic losses due to various constraints in dairy production in India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 75: 1476-1480.
  278. Bista JD and RK Shrestha. 2000. Nutritional value and digestibility of fish feed stuffs of Nepal. Proceedings of the 4th National Workshop on Livestock and Fisheries Research in Nepal, 24-26 April. ARS, Pakhribas, Dhankuta Nepal. Pp. 30-38.
  279. Khanal, R.C. and D.B. Subba. 2001. Nutritional evaluation of leaves from some major fodder trees cultivated in the hills of Nepal. Animal Feed Science Technology, 92:17-32.
  280. Krishi Diary.2019. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Agriculture Information and Training Centre, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal
  281. Lilburn, M.S. 1998. Practical aspects of early nutrition for poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 7(4):420-424
  282. MOLD, 2017. Ministry of Livestock Development, Livestock statistics of Nepal.
  283. Sharma, B.2015. Present status and future strategy of forage development in Nepal. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 6
  284. Upreti, C.R. and B.K Shrestha. 2006. Nutrient Contents Feeds and Fodder in Nepal. Animal Nutrition Division, Khumaltar, Nepal. ISBN 99933-703-6-3. First Edition, Pp 1-3.
  285. ADB (2012). Infrastructure for supporting inclusive growth and poverty reduction in Asia. Metro, Manila: Asian Development Bank.
  286. Atsushi, J., Eric, L. R., Isabela, M., & Satoshi, O. (2015). Social and economic impact of rural road improvement in the state of Tocantins, Policy research working paper 7249. Washington D.C: World Bank.
  287. CBS. (2005). Statistical year book of Nepal. HMG/Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistic. National Planning Commission Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  288. DFID (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets 1-2. DFID, London.
  289. District Profile Sindhuli (2019). District Profile of Sindhuli, Sindhuli, Nepal.
  290. Lay, M. G., & Vance Jr, J. E. (1992). Ways of the world: A history of the world's roads and of the vehicles that used them. Rutgers university press.
  291. NRSAS. (2013). Nepal Road Sector Assessment Study, Kathmandu, Nepal. NTIS (2016). Nepal Trade Integration Strategy, report. Government of Nepal. OECD (2016). Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp? OECD, ID=4005 [Last Accessed May 22, 2016]

Related papers

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences
MOHAB W A G D Y ELSHAZLY

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 2015

View PDFchevron_right
Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
Alejandra Nivón Pellón

Nivón Pellón Alejandra , 2020

Technology in the agricultural sector can be defined as the set of technical knowledge that can result from the study and / or individual or collective experience that, in conjunction with practice, develops human skills and abilities. Technological innovation is fundamental to reach and maintain the levels of competitiveness that market requires, such as quality, organic production and nutritional content. The detection of actors, their activities, resources and capacities of a product chain system is needed, in order to develop technological packages for a singular type of crop, local circumstances and characteristics of the producer. The growing development of the wine sector in the country is a fertile field for the adoption of technological packages that promote precision agriculture in a harmonic and sustainable development. Improving the conditions and quality of the grape for winemaking, increasing the wine's storage potential and its nutraceutical nature. The opportune diagnosis of opportunity areas in the vineyard will help a sustainable management of the crop applying natural treatment in the opportune moment and precise place

View PDFchevron_right
Research and Reviews in Agriculture Science Volume III 1
Anindita Pal

Research and Reviews in Agriculture Science Volume III, 2023

Agriculture is the cornerstone of human civilization, providing sustenance, raw materials, and economic stability for societies around the world. As our global population continues to grow and environmental challenges become increasingly complex, the importance of agriculture in ensuring food security, environmental sustainability, and economic prosperity cannot be overstated. To meet these challenges, agricultural science has evolved rapidly, embracing interdisciplinary approaches, technology-driven solutions, and sustainable practices. In this book, we have gathered a selection of research papers and reviews that delve into various facets of agriculture, from crop science and livestock management to soil health, agribusiness, and the integration of cutting-edge technologies. Each chapter represents a unique contribution to the ongoing dialogue in agricultural science, shedding light on emerging trends, innovative methodologies, and critical insights that have the potential to shape the future of agriculture. The content within these pages spans a wide spectrum of topics, providing a holistic view of the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in agriculture. Whether you are a seasoned researcher, a student embarking on a journey in agricultural science, or a stakeholder in the agriculture industry, we believe that this book will offer valuable perspectives and inspire further inquiry into the fascinating and everevolving field of agriculture. We extend our gratitude to the authors who have generously shared their expertise and findings, as well as the reviewers who have dedicated their time and expertise to ensure the quality and rigor of the content presented here. This collaborative effort is a testament to the spirit of inquiry and the shared commitment to advancing agricultural knowledge. As we navigate the complexities of feeding a growing global population, protecting our natural resources, and fostering sustainable agricultural practices, it is our hope that "Research and Reviews in Agriculture Science" will serve as a valuable resource and source of inspiration for all those engaged in the pursuit of a more resilient and sustainable future for agriculture.

View PDFchevron_right
To be cited: AgroLife Sci
Narcisa Elena

2014

The mission of the AgroLife Scientific Journal is to publish original research relevant to all those involved in different fields of agronomy and life sciences. The publishers are not responsible for the opinions published in the Volume.

View PDFchevron_right
Research and Reviews: Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences
zafar iqbal

CITATIONS 0 READS 54 9 authors, including:

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

  • Soil Science
  • Agricultural Economics
  • Sustainable Rural Development
  • Agri Business Management
  • Crop IPM
    • 580 California St., Suite 400
    San Francisco, CA, 94104
    © 2025 Academia. All rights reserved