Nanotechnology: The Past and the Future

Springer eBooks, 2016

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

IEEE Circuits & Devices, 2004

S ince 1959, when Richard Feynman first imagined the construction of things from atom assembly , nanotechnology research has been active [2]- with the hope of creating natural or artificial entities measuring less than 100 nm, which lie at the crossroads of electronics, biology, chemistry, physics, molecular manufacturing, materials engineering, biology and bioengineering ( ). Considerable efforts and money [5], are being directed towards the development of enabling technologies, such as the integration of down-and bottomup design and manufacturing technologies are used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication, miniaturization by scaling of devices and lines in hard lithography, while bottom-up assembly technologies aim to create new materials through innovative atom and molecule assembly through molecular manufacturing techniques . This bottom-up, self-assembly aproach has two current interpretations: the self-assembly by self-replication akin to DNA-guided multiplication of cells in biological systems and the chemical self-assembly of molecules in an aqueous solution. Chemical selfassembly produces small molecules by arrangement of atoms through (random) bumping of molecules in the solution. This method produces small bio-polymers and crystals but does not scale up well to form larger molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, antigens and antibodies. This approach is based on the use and mechanization [58] of soft-lithography-or creation through biotechnology of new materials, miniaturization of instrumentation, better information technology, computer modeling and other enabling technologies. Ideally, these new materials and technologies should be used to improve the human condition in a variety of applications, such as better energy delivery methods, sustainable energy systems, eco-efficient materials [51] and specific drug design and delivery methods. For example, the low efficiency of solar cells is being studied at the molecular level to try to understand the mechanisms of quantum solar energy at work in solar cells that cause efficiency degradation over time to compensate for it . Biotechnology applications, such as medical implants of organic materials, cancer treatment by direct targeting of medicine (see ) that can navigate and detect the bad cells to destroy them, genetic therapies stemming from a better understanding of the human genome, and new organically synthesized bone materials are other promising areas of research and applications for nanotechnology. Other technologies include intelligent textiles, transgenically grown food free from disease, and other information technology, telecom, and transportation applications[7], as well as bio-sensors designed for defense purposes [50]. In a cross-disciplinary research effort, such as nanotechnology is useful to communicate the information and research efforts to form a conceptual mental map of the state-of-the-art R&D in nanotechnology today , .

Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology, 2021

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Materials Today, 2004

This article summarizes the key findings and recommendations of the Royal Society/Royal Academy of Engineering Report on Nanotechnology 1 . The report is enthusiastic about the great potential benefits of nanotechnologies. Uncertainties associated with the health and environmental impacts of free, manufactured nanoparticles and nanotubes are discussed. It recommends research to understand better their toxicology and exposure pathways, and actions to restrict exposure of humans and the environment to free, manufactured nanoparticles and nanotubes until they are better understood. The need for public dialogue about the development of nanotechnologies is highlighted. Nanotechnologies are attracting increasing investment from governments and industry around the world. Total global spend is thought to be around $6.25 billion at present, but this is set to rise. The USA's 21 st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (2003) allocated almost $3.7 billion to fund nanotechnologies during 2005-2008. This compares with just $750 million spent in 2003. Between 2001 and 2003, the Japanese Government doubled its nanotechnology funding to $800 million. Within Europe, about $1.25 billion is currently spent on nanotechnology research and development per annum, and the UK Government has allocated about $81.9 million per year from 2003 to 2009.

Journal of Nanoparticle research, 2004

Research and education results after the first 3 years of National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) investment are outlined. The history of NNI and several potential outcomes by 2015 are discussed. The views expressed here are based on the interview given for the website www.nano.gov on November 2003.

2008

Nanotechnology: Challenges and the Way Forward .

The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2014

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

The field of Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas in modern materials science. Because of its potential, it has received a lot of attention now-a-days. The main advantage with the Nanotechnology is that it reduces the dosage and the number of doses required.

Rigorous peer-review is the main part in building the cornerstone of high-quality academic publishing. The editorial team greatly appreciates the authors, reviewers who contributed their knowledge and expertise to the journal's editorial process over the past 24 months. In 2019, a total of 11 articles was