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Outline

Title
Abstract
Executive Summary
Opportunities and Recommendations
Aims and Objectives
Overview of Observations in Ireland
Use of Climate Data
Further Information and Data Sources
Discussion and Recommendations
References

CCRP26 - The Status of Ireland's Climate 2012

Profile image of Ned DwyerNed Dwyer

Abstract

No long-term national observation programmes exist for a number of the ECVs (ocean acidification, pCO 2 , ocean currents, phytoplankton, soil carbon, fire disturbance, water use). A prioritisation and costing exercise should be carried out with a view to implementing appropriate programmes over time. 1. Introduction Table 1.1. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). 1 Domain Essential Climate Variables

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References (115)

  1. Further Information and Data Sources McElwain L. and Sweeney, J. (2007) Key Meteorological Indicators of Climate Change in Ireland. ERC Report 6, Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland, pp. 40: http://www.epa.ie/ downloads/pubs/research/climate/name,23305,en.html Information on air temperature in Ireland: http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp European project on climate data homogenisation methods: COST Action ES0601 Advances in homogenisation methods of climate series: http://www.homogenisation.org/v_02_15/ The World Climate Research Programme's expert team on climate change detection and indices: http://www.clivar.org/organization/etccdi/indices.php Information on data availability: http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-data-information.asp
  2. Long-term daily series of temperature and precipitation for a number of Irish stations are available from the European Climate Assessment & Dataset: http://eca.knmi.nl/ Information and observations from the Irish Marine Weather Buoy Network: http://www.met.ie/marine/marine_map.asp Surface data from some Irish synoptic stations may be accessed at the US National Climate Data Centre: http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdo Further Information and Data Sources McElwain, L. and Sweeney, J. (2007) Key Meteorological Indicators of Climate Change in Ireland. ERC Report 6, Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland, pp. 40: http://www.epa.ie/downloads/pubs/ research/climate/name,23305,en.html Information on rainfall in Ireland: http://www.met.ie/climate/rainfall.asp The World Climate Research Programme's expert team on climate change detection and indices: http://www.clivar.org/organization/etccdi/indices.php Information on the global precipitation measurement mission: http://gpm.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Near real time rainfall from radar: http://www.met.ie/latest/rainfall_radar.asp Information on data availability: http://www.met.ie/ climate/climate-data-information.asp
  3. Long-term daily series of precipitation for a number of Irish stations are available from the European Climate Assessment & Dataset: http://eca.knmi.nl/ Surface data from some Irish synoptic stations may be accessed at the US National Climate Data Centre: http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdo
  4. Further Information and Data Sources Risien, C. M. and Chelton, D.B. (2006) A satellite- derived climatology of global ocean winds, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 221-36.
  5. Thomas, P., Cox, S. and Tindal, A. (2009) Long-Term Wind Speed Trends In Northwestern Europe, Garrad Hassan and Partners Ltd, Bristol, UK: http://www.gl-garradhassan.com/en/index.php European project on climate data-homogenisation methods: COST Action ES0601 Advances in homogenisation methods of climate series: http://www.homogenisation.org/v_02_15/ Information on ASCAT, the scatterometer on board ESA's MetOp satellite: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMBWEG23IE_ LPmetop_0.html Information on data availability: http://www.met.ie/ climate/climate-data-information.asp Surface data from some Irish synoptic stations may be accessed at the US National Climate Data Centre: http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdo Information and observations from the Irish Marine Weather Buoy Network : http://www.met.ie/marine/marine_map.asp Further Information and Data Sources Black, K., Davis, P., Lynch, P., Jones, M., McGettigan, M. and Osborne, B. (2006) Long-term trends in solar irradiance in Ireland and their potential effects on gross primary productivity, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 141, pp. 118-32.
  6. Stanhill, G. (1998) Long-term trends in, and spatial variation of, solar irradiances in Ireland, International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 18, pp. 1030-50.
  7. Information on sunshine and solar radiation from Met Éireann: http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/sunshine.asp Information on solar and terrestrial radiation observations at Valentia Observatory: http://www.met.ie/about/valentiaobservatory/ solarradiation.asp
  8. World Radiation Data Centre: http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ Baseline Surface Radiation Network: http://www.gewex.org/bsrn.html Further Information and Data Sources Cannaby, H. and Hüsrevoğlu, Y.S. (2009) Low frequency variability and long-term trends in Irish SST records, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 66, No. 7, pp. 1480-9.
  9. Cannaby, H. and Nolan, G. (2009) Physical oceanography. Irish Ocean Climate and Ecosystem Status Report 2009. Nolan, G., Gillooly, M. and Whelan, K. (eds.) Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland, p. 100.
  10. Rayner, N.A., Parker, D.E., Horton, E.B., Folland, C.K., Alexander, L.V., Rowell, D.P., Kent, E.C. and Kaplan, A. (2006) Global analysis of sea surface temperature, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, pp. 4407-36, doi: 10. 1029/2002JD002670.
  11. Malin Head Data (1958-2006) are archived by Met Éireann: http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-data- information.asp
  12. Malin Head Data (since 2008) are archived by the Marine Institute and may be accessed on request: http://www.marine.ie/home/publicationsdata/ Information and observations from inshore SST measurement stations: http://www.marine.ie/home/ publicationsdata/data/IMOS/ Information and observations from the Irish Marine Weather Buoy Network: http://www.met.ie/marine/marine_observations.asp Further Information and Data Sources Cannaby, H. and Nolan, G. (2009) Physical oceanography. Irish Ocean Climate and Ecosystem Status Report 2009. Nolan, G., Gillooly, M. and Whelan, K. (eds.) Marine Institute, 100 pp.
  13. Fennell, S. (2007) A study of the behaviour and interannual variability of surface salinity and temperature at the M3 weather buoy off the southwest coast of Ireland. MSc, Marine Institute, Co. Galway, Ireland. Information and observations from the Irish Marine Weather Buoy Network: http://www.met.ie/marine/marine_observations.asp Oceanographic data from cruises are archived by the Marine Institute and may be accessed on request: http://www.marine.ie/home/publicationsdata/ Oceanographic data from cruises are archived by ICES on an annual basis: (www.ices.dk) Information on the SMOS mission: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/smos/ Information on the AQUARIUS mission: http://aquarius.nasa.gov/index.html intermediate water masses are highly variable, with no obvious trend since these observations began. Further Information and Data Sources McGrath, T., Kivimae, C., Tanhua, T., Cave, R. and McGovern, E. (2012) Inorganic carbon and pH levels in the Rockall Trough 1991-2010, Deep Sea Research-Part 1.
  14. Ní Longphuirt, S., Stengel, D., O'Dowd C. and McGovern, E. (2010) Ocean Acidification: An Emerging Threat to our Marine Environment. Marine Foresight Series No. 6, Marine Institute, Galway, p. 98.
  15. O'Dowd, C., Cave, R., McGovern, E., Ward, B., Kivimae, C., McGrath, T., Stengel, D. and Westbrook, G. (2011) Impacts of Increased Atmospheric CO 2 on Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems. Marine Institute, Galway. Carbon data from cruises are archived by the Marine Institute and may be accessed on request: http://www.marine.ie/home/publicationsdata/ Carbon data are archived at the National University of Ireland Galway: http://www.nuigalway.ie/c-caps/ Further Information and Data Sources Cannaby, H. and Nolan, G. (2009) Physical oceanography. Irish Ocean Climate and Ecosystem Status Report 2009. Nolan, G., Gillooly, M. and Whelan, K. (eds.) Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland, pp. 100.
  16. Hill, A.E., Brown, J., Fernand, L., Holt, J., Horsburgh, K. J., Proctor, R., Raine, R. and Turrell, W.R. (2008) Thermohaline circulation of shallow tidal seas, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, L11605, doi:10.1029/2008GL033459.
  17. Current meter data are archived and can be requested from the Marine Institute: http://www.marine.ie/home/publicationsdata/ RequestForData.htm Current meter data are archived and can be requested from the National University of Ireland, Galway's School of Earth and Ocean Science: http://www.nuigalway.ie/eos/ Current meter data are archived and can be requested from the British Oceanographic Data Centre: http://www.bodc.ac.uk/ Near-real time global ocean surface currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data: http://www.oscar.noaa.gov/ Further Information and Data Sources
  18. Acker, J.G. and Leptoukh, G. (2007) Online analysis enhances use of NASA earth science data, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 14 and 17. International Ocean Colour coordinating group: http://www.ioccg.org/ Information and data from the ESA-funded Climate Change Initiative Ocean Colour project: http://www.esa-oceancolour-cci.org/ Information and data from the ESA-funded GlobColour project: http://www.globcolour.info/ Information and data from the ESA-funded CoastColour project: http://www.coastcolour.org/ Data from the GMES MyOcean Service: http://www.myocean.eu.org/ Information and data from NASA missions: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/
  19. Wilson, J.B. (1979) The distribution of the coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) [L. prolifera (Pallas)] in the North East Atlantic, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, Vol. 59, pp. 149-64.
  20. Wheeler, A.J., M. Kozachenko, L.-A. Henry, A. Foubert, H. de Haas, V.A.I. Huvenne, D.G. Masson, K. Olu- Le-Roy (2011) The Moira Mounds, small cold-water coral banks in the Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic: Part A-an early stage growth phase for future coral carbonate mounds? Marine Geology, Vol. 282, Nos 1-2, pp. 53-64.
  21. Wheeler, A.J., Beyer, A., Freiwald, A., de Haas, H., Huvenne, V.A.I., Kozachenko, M., Olu-Le Roy, K. and Opderbecke, J. (2007) Morphology and Environment of Cold-water Coral Carbonate Mounds on the NW European Margin, International Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 96, 37-56, Series: 1.
  22. Terrestrial Observations Further Information and Data Sources O'Connor, B., Dwyer, E., Cawkwell, F. and Eklundh, L. (2012) Spatio-temporal patterns in vegetation start of season across the island of Ireland using the MERIS Global Vegetation Index, ISPRS journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 68, pp. 79-84.
  23. Information on the JRC FAPAR project: http://fapar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Home.php Information on the NASA MODIS FAPAR project: http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/ dataproducts.php?MOD_NUMBER=15 Information on the CarboEurope IP project: http://www.carboeurope.org/ Ireland's Biodiversity in 2010 -State of Knowledge: http://biodiversity.biodiversityireland.ie
  24. Carroll, E., Sparks, T., Donnelly, A. and Cooney, T. (2009) Irish phenological observations from the early 20th century reveal a strong response to temperature, Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 109B, No. 2, pp. 115-26.
  25. Coll, J., Maguire, C., Sweeney, J. (2009) Biodiversity and Climate Change in Ireland -Briefing Paper: http://www.comharsdc.ie/_files/Biodiversity_ ClimateBriefing%20Paper_Final_6thJan_2009.doc. pdf Information and maps of protected sites: http://www.npws.ie/protectedsites/ The impact of climate change on butterfly communities: http://www.bc-europe.org/upload/ Impact_of_climate_change_on_butterfly_ communities_1990-2009.pdf Information on the Rothamsted insect survey: http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/insect-survey/
  26. Irish Phenology Network: http://www.tcd.ie/Botany/ phenology/themes/plant/network.php
  27. Sweeney, J., Albanito, F., Brereton, A., Caffarra, A., Charlton, R., Donnelly, A., Fealy, R., Fitzgerald, J., Holden, N., Jones, M. and Murphy, C. (2008) Climate Change -Refining the Impacts for Ireland (2001-CD-C3-M1), STRIVE Report 12. Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland. http://www.epa.ie/ downloads/pubs/research/climate/name,26008,en. html Further Information and Data Sources
  28. Duffy, P., Hanley, E., Hyde, B., O'Brien, P., Ponzi, J., Cotter, E. and Black, K. (2012) National Inventory Report, 2012. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990- 2010, Reported to the UNFCCC, Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland.
  29. Hendrick, E. and Black, K.G. (eds.) (2007) Forest, Carbon and Climate Change, Local and International Perspectives, proceedings of the COFORD conference on 19/09/2007.
  30. European Space Agency, BIOMASS Mission: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMFCJ9RR1F_ index_0.html Information on the GMES forest Fast Track products is available from: http://www.gmes-forest.info/ CORINE datasets are available from the EPA at: http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/ corine/datasets/ Forest Inventory data is available from the Forest Service at: http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/ forestservice/forestservicegeneralinformation/ abouttheforestservice/forestcoverdatasets/ Figure 4.10. Location of forest areas, as derived from CORINE 2006. Further Information and Data Sources Barrett, B.W., Dwyer, E. and Whelan, P. (2009) Soil moisture retrieval from active spaceborne microwave observations: an evaluation of current techniques, Remote Sensing, Vol. 1, pp. 210-42: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/1/3/210/
  31. Schulte, R.P.O., Diamond, J., Finkele, K., Holden, N.M. and Brereton, A.J. (2005) Predicting the soil moisture conditions of Irish grasslands, Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, Vol. 44, pp. 95-110.
  32. Schulte, R.P.O., Richards, K., Daly, K., Kurz, I., McDonald E.J. and Holden, N.M. (2006) Agriculture, meteorology and water quality in Ireland: a regional evaluation of pressures and pathways of nutrient loss to water, Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 106B, No. 2, pp. 117-33. Information on the SMOS mission: http://www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr/us/indexsmos.html ESA's Climate Change Initiative: Information and global time-series of soil moisture from satellites sensors: http://www.esa-soilmoisture-cci.org/ Soil moisture deficit maps from Met Éireann: http://www.met.ie/agmet/default.asp Soil moisture deficit calculations: http://www.met.ie/climate/agri-meteo-data.asp Further Information and Data Sources
  33. Davies, D., Kumar, S. and Descloitres, J. (2004) Global fire monitoring using MODIS near-real-time satellite data, GIM International, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 41-3.
  34. Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C. O. and Kaufman, Y.J. (2003) An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 87, pp. 273-82.
  35. Holden, N. M., Hochstrasser, T., Schulte, R. P. O., Walsh, S. (eds.) 2007 Making Science Work on the Farm. A Workshop on Decision Support Systems for Irish Agriculture, Published by Joint Working Group in Applied Agricultural Meteorology: http://www.ucd.ie/agmet/Agment_workshop_ online_version.pdf MODIS Rapid Response System: http://rapidfire.sci. gsfc.nasa.gov/ MODIS images of fires in Ireland and Scotland in May 2011: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ NaturalHazards/view.php?id=50468
  36. ATSR World Fire Atlas: http://due.esrin.esa.int/wfa/ Ireland's Greenhouse Gas Inventory (including forest burned area as reported to the UNFCCC): http://erc.epa.ie/ghg/crfdownloads.jsp in red. 23 Dry, windy weather during early May allowed numerous fires, many of which had been set deliberately, probably with the intentions of burning gorse, to spread rapidly. Further Information and Data Sources Lucey, J. (comp.) (2009) Water Quality in Ireland 2007-2008: Key Indicators of the Aquatic Environment. EPA, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland. p. 52.
  37. McGarrigle, M., Lucey, J., and Ó Cinnéide, M. (2010) Water Quality in Ireland 2007-2009, EPA, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland. pp. 148: http://www.epa.ie/downloads/pubs/water/ waterqua/name,30640,en.html
  38. Tedd, K., Misstear, B., Coxon, C., Daly, D., Hunter- Williams, T., Craig, M. and Mannix, A. (2010) Review of Groundwater Level Data in the South Eastern River Basin District. STRIVE Report Prepared for the EPA and the GSI by Trinity College, Dublin.
  39. The EPA's website on groundwater monitoring: http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/monitoring/water/ groundwater/programme/ Information on the GRACE mission: http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/ Groundwater aquifer maps, well locations, groundwater vulnerability maps and other relevant data may be downloaded from the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, DCENR: http://www.dcenr. gov.ie/Spatial+Data/Geological+Survey+of+Ireland/ GSI+Spatial+Data+Downloads.htm Groundwater relevant data may be viewed on the GSI's web-mapping service: http://www.gsi.ie/Programmes/Groundwater/ Groundwater+web+mapping.htm
  40. Derwent, R.G., Ryall, D.B., Manning, A.J., Simmonds, P.G., O'Doherty, S., Biraud, S., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M. and Jennings, S.G. (2002) Continuous observations of carbon dioxide at Mace Head, Ireland from 1995 to 1999 and its net European ecosystem exchange, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, pp. 2799-807.
  41. Derwent, R.G., Simmonds, P.G. Manning, A.J. and Spain, T.G. (2007) Trends over a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007 in surface ozone at the atmospheric research station, Mace Head, Ireland, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, pp. 9091-8.
  42. Dlugokencky, E.J., Bruhwiler L. White, J.W.C., Emmons, L.K., Novelli, P.C., Montzka, S.A., Masarie, K.A., Lang, P.M., Crotwell, A.M., Miller, J.B. and Gatti, L.V. (2009) Observational constraints on recent increases in the atmospheric CH 4 burden, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, L18803.
  43. Duffy, P., Hanley, E., Hyde, B., O'Brien, P., Ponzi, J., Cotter, E. and Black, K. (2012) National Inventory Report, 2012. Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2010, Reported to the UNFCCC, EPA, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland.
  44. Acker J.G. and Leptoukh, G. (2007) Online analysis enhances use of NASA earth science data, Eos, Transactions. American Geophysical Union, Vol. 88, 2, pp. 14 and 17.
  45. Black, K., Davis, P., Lynch, P., Jones, M., McGettigan, M. and Osborne, B. (2006) Long-term trends in solar irradiance in Ireland and their potential effects on gross primary productivity, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 141, pp. 118-32.
  46. Black, K., O'Brien, P., Redmond, J., Barrett, F. and Twomey, M. (2009) The extent of peatland afforestation in Ireland, Irish Forestry, Vol. 65, pp. 61-71.
  47. Cannaby, H. and Hüsrevoğlu, Y.S. (2009) Low frequency variability and long-term trends in Irish SST records, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 66, 7 pp. 1480- 9.
  48. Cannaby, H. and Nolan, G. (2009) Physical oceanography, in Irish Ocean Climate and Ecosystem Status Report 2009. Nolan, G., Gillooly, M. and Whelan, K. (eds.) Marine Institute, 100 pp.
  49. Carroll, E., Sparks, T., Donnelly, A. and Cooney, T. (2009) Irish phenological observations from the early 20th century reveal a strong response to temperature. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. 109B, 2 pp. 115-26.
  50. Coll, J., Maguire, C., Sweeney, J. (2009) Biodiversity and Climate Change in Ireland -Briefing Paper: http://www. comharsdc.ie/_files/Biodiversity_ClimateBriefing%20 Paper_Final_6thJan_2009.doc.pdf
  51. Cusack, C. (2009) Phytoplankton, in Irish Ocean Climate and Ecosystem Status Report 2009. Nolan, G., Gillooly, M. and Whelan, K. (eds.) Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland, pp. 100.
  52. Daly, K. and Fealy, R. (2007) Digital Soil Information System for Ireland -Scoping Study. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland: http://www.epa.ie/downloads/ pubs/research/land/name,23747,en.html
  53. Davies, D., Kumar, S. and Descloitres, J. (2004) Global fire monitoring using MODIS near-real-time satellite data, GIM International, Vol. 18 (4), pp. 41-3.
  54. De Mol, B., Kozachenko, M., Wheeler, A., Hugo, A., Henriet, J.-P and Olu-Le-Roy, K. (2007) Thérèse Mound: a case study of coral bank development in the Belgica Mound Province, Porcupine Seabight, International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 103-20.
  55. References Keim, C., Eremenko, M., Orphal., J., Dufour, G., Flaud, J.-M., Höpfner, M., Boynard, A., Clerbaux, C., Payan, S., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Claude, H., Dier, H., Johnson, B., Kelder, H., Kivi, R., Koide, T., López Bartolomé, M., Lambkin, K., Moore, D., Schmidlin, F.J. and Stübi, R (2009) Tropospheric ozone from IASI: comparison of different inversion algorithms and validation with ozone sondes, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , Vol. 9, pp. 9329-47
  56. Loeb, N.G. Wielicki, B.A., Su, W., Loukachine, K., Sun, W., Wong, T., Priestly, K.J., Matthews, G., Miller, W.F. and Davies, R. (2007) Multi-instrument comparison of top-of-atmosphere reflected solar radiation, Journal of Climate, 20, pp. 575-91, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ JCLI4018.1
  57. Lucey, J. (comp.) (2009) Water Quality in Ireland 2007- 2008: Key Indicators of the Aquatic Environment. EPA, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland. pp. 52.
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