Fast and High Resolution 3D Face Scanning

International Journal of Image and Graphics, 2009

The use of 3D data in face image processing applications has received considerable attention during the last few years. A major issue for the implementation of 3D face processing systems is the accurate and real time acquisition of 3D faces using low cost equipment. In this paper we provide a survey of 3D reconstruction methods used for generating the 3D appearance of a face using either a single or multiple 2D images captured with ordinary equipment such as digital cameras and camcorders. In this context we discuss various issues pertaining to the general problem of 3D face reconstruction such as the existence of suitable 3D face databases, correspondence of 3D faces, feature detection, deformable 3D models and typical assumptions used during the reconstruction process. Different approaches to the problem of 3D reconstruction are presented and for each category the most important advantages and disadvantages are outlined. In particular we describe example-based methods, stereo methods, video-based methods and silhouette-based methods. The issue of performance evaluation of 3D face reconstruction algorithms, the state of the art and future trends are also discussed.

2004

Abstract The reconstruction of 3D face models is mostly achieved by using 2D images. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of different image processing techniques for 3D face generation. It is anticipated that the optimal solution will be applied in the future for 3D face analysis and synthesis. As approaches to 3D face modelling, the paper presents: binocular stereo, using a stereo correspondence algorithm or manual triangulation; orthogonal views; photometric stereo.

Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2008

Ieice Transactions on Information and Systems, 1999

This paper proposes an automatic method for reconstructing a realistic 3D facial image from C T (computer tomography) and three color photographs: front, left and right views, which can be linked easily with the underlying bone and soft tissue models. This work is done as a part of surgery simulation. T h e 3D facial surface derived from C T by the m,arching cubes algorithm is obviously colorless. Our task is t o add the color texture of the same patient actually taken with a digital camera to the colorless 3D surface. T o do this it needs an accurate registration between the 3D facial image and the color p h~t~o g r a p h .

Journal of Global Research in Computer Sciences, 2011

In this paper, 2D photographs image divided into two parts; one part is front view (x, y) and side view (y, z). Necessary condition of this method is that position or coordinate of both images should be equal. We combine both images according to the coordinate then we will get 3D Models (x, y, z) but this 3D model is not accurate in size or shape. In defining other words, we will get 3D face model, refinement of 3D face through edit of point and smoothing process. Smoothing is performed to get the more realistic 3D face model for the person. We measure to compare the average time for modeling and compare the research result of our methods with different techniques, for this purpose we taken by two hypotheses (1) the average quality of our method will be higher than the 60% (2) it is faster compare to other in an average case (3) it is automated. First hypothesis is correct but the second tie up with other three methods and third found satisfactory.

The 2005 European Signal Processing Conf, 2005

In the past few years several systems for tridimensional face reconstruction based on the analysis of 2D images have been proposed. The main goal of these systems is to provide fast and reliable 3D information for face recognition systems. Nonetheless, affordable image-based systems that are able to guarantee a high level of details and fast processing using commercial devices are far from being available. In this paper we propose a novel approach for a fast generation of detailed depth-maps of human faces based on a ...

Procedia Computer Science, 2010

This paper is concerned with the acquisition of model data for automatic 3D face recognition applications. As 3D methods become progressively more popular in face recognition research, the need for fast and accurate data capture has become crucial. This paper is motivated by this need and offers three primary contributions. Firstly, the paper demonstrates that four-source photometric stereo offers a potential means for data capture that is computationally and financially viable and easily deployable in commercial settings. We have shown that both visible light and less intrusive near infrared light is suitable for facial illumination. The second contribution is a detailed set of experimental results that compare the accuracy of the device to ground truth, which was captured using a commercial projected pattern range finder. Importantly, we show that not only is near infrared light a valid alternative to the more commonly exploited visible light, but that it actually gives more accurate reconstructions. Finally, we assess the validity of the Lambertian assumption on skin reflectance data and show that better results may be obtained by incorporating more advanced reflectance functions, such as the Oren-Nayar model.

Intelligent Automation and …, 2010

Anthropometry is an objective tool serving to evaluate the shape of the face and reveal changes observed in the subject over time, or among different subjects, analyzing quantitative and qualitative differences. It also permits the study of normal and abnormal growth, diagnosis of genetic or acquired malformations, planning and evaluation of surgical and/or orthodontic therapy, and verification of the treatment results by analyzing, measuring and comparing the face shape. Among 3D digitization technologies, photogrammetry shows great promise because it is a low cost, biocompatible, safe and non-invasive methodology, but it still suffers from a need for considerable human intervention. In previous research, the Authors illustrated a new approach based on a 3-Cameras photogrammetric system. After several tests, conducted to verify the validity of this methodology, the present experimental study was carried out using a re-engineered photogrammetric scanning system to obtain landmark-models of human faces, and comparing these results with those achieved with laser scanning, applied to a dummy face (in order to eliminate errors caused by breathing movements in a living subject). Two different, specifically designed experimental 3D photogrammetric setups have been developed and tested to enhance the performance. This research demonstrates the potential of low-cost photogrammetry for medical digitization; further research will be addressed to testing the use of the scanning system on humans to validate its clinical performance.

Electrical Engineering …, 2011

The model-based face recognition approach is based on constructing a model of the human face, which is able to capture the facial variations. The basic knowledge of human face is highly utilized to create the model. In this paper, we try to address and review the approaches and techniques used in the last ten years for modeling the human face in the 3D domain. Our discussion also shows the pros and cons of each approach used in the 3D face modeling.

2011

The main contribution of this paper is to present a novel method for automatic 3D face recognition based on sampling a 3D mesh structure in the presence of noise. A structured light method using line projection is employed where a 3D face is reconstructed from a single 2D shot. The process from image acquisition to recognition is described with focus on its real-time operation. Recognition results are presented and it is demonstrated that it can perform recognition in just over one second per subject in continuous operation mode and thus, suitable for real time operation.